Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as a translational model for human neuropsychiatric conditions. Many studies have not considered sex differences in their analyses. Here, we studied sex ...differences of adult zebrafish in two behavioral domains: Anxiety and Memory. To assess whether sex influences anxiety‐like responses, we used two different behavioral protocols, the novel tank diving task and the light–dark test. To assess sex differences in learning and memory tasks, we explored two memory domains, short‐term spatial memory (free movement pattern Y‐maze task) and short‐term fear memory (Pavlovian fear‐conditioning task). Although we did not find any significant difference in learning and memory tasks, female zebrafish showed robust increases in anxiety‐like behavioral endpoints in both anxiety tests. Overall, our data suggest that zebrafish is a sensitive model to work with sex differences when modeling anxiety‐related disorders and this should be an important factor to consider in different experimental designs.
Female zebrafish shows increased anxiety‐like behavior in two behavioral tasks compared to male. Meanwhile, no difference is observed in memory and cognition‐related tasks.
PURPOSEThe Y balance test (YBT) is a screen of dynamic balance requiring stance leg balance while the contralateral leg reaches in anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) ...directions. YBT has been proposed as a screen for injury risk; however, limited research has examined the association between YBT and injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between YBT (asymmetry and composite score (CS)) and noncontact injury in a sample of Division I (DI) college athletes from multiple sports.
METHODSDI college athletes were screened with the YBT during the preparticipation examination to determine asymmetry (absolute difference between legs in ANT, PL, and PM) and CS (summed average of right/left ANT, PL, and PM normalized to leg length). Participants were followed throughout the sport season, and noncontact injuries requiring athletic training staff intervention were recorded for analysis. Demographic variables between injured and uninjured athletes were assessed with independent t-tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined optimal cut points for predicting injury on the basis of CS and asymmetry. CS was analyzed as a continuous variable, as ROC curves were unable to maximize sensitivity and specificity. Logistic regression models adjusted for sport and previous injury determined the odds of injury on the basis of asymmetry and CS.
RESULTSOne hundred and eighty-four participants were included in analysis; 81 were injured. ROC curves determined asymmetry >4 cm (sensitivity, 59%; specificity, 72%) as the optimal cut point for predicting injury. Only ANT asymmetry was significantly associated with noncontact injury (odds ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–4.76).
CONCLUSIONSANT asymmetry >4 cm was associated with increased risk of noncontact injury. CS in this sample of DI athletes was not associated with increased risk of injury.
As an essential problem in non-equilibrium physics, the characteristics of pedestrian dynamics in narrow aisles have not been fully uncovered. Thus, in this study, we performed experiments with ...participants passing through narrow aisles with various widths under open boundaries. There is a transition from lateral to forward movement with the increase of aisle width, and the critical width is 0.30 m, the average hip width of Chinese adults. Transforming from the lateral to forward movement, we observed that the deviation angles, step behaviors, and individual speed represent various features. With the aisle width rising from 0.20 m to 0.30 m, the jam relieves significantly. However, with the aisle width increasing from 0.30 m to 0.35 m, the flow efficiency improves little. This study contributes empirical results on movement in narrow aisles to pedestrian dynamics and provides basic inputs for pedestrian models and insights into the design of pedestrian facilities.
Children have different anthropometrical size ratios in relation to ball and basket compared to adults, but usually compete on the same basket height and field. Therefore, they have to adapt their ...throwing technique, which might result in movement patterns unfavorable for long-term performance development. In this study, we analyze how children adapt their throwing techniques to different conditions. Seven basketball players (10.14 ± 1.12 years) completed a total of 60 throws, combining different ball sizes, basket heights, and distances. The throwing movements were captured by a 3D motion capture system. Accumulated distances between all time courses of angles, angular accelerations, and velocities served as similarity measures and were analyzed by cluster analysis, including purity measures. Considering all throws, a division into seven clusters separated each individual. For all subjects, distances accounted for the most changes in the throwing motion (purity 0.81–1). In the subclusters, the basket heights were not a decisive condition (purity 0.42–0.63). However, an increase in purity was found compared to the main clusters. Children seem to adapt their movement behavior primarily to throwing distances and subordinately to basket heights, which indicates that changing playing conditions (e.g., closer 3-point line, lower baskets) might be beneficial in mini-basketball.
This paper presents an approach for a quantitative analysis of movement patterns of nomadic households based on GPS trajectories. We distributed GPS loggers to 400 Mongolian herder households who ...carried them over a 9-month period, continuously recording position data every 30min. A total of 142of the resulting trajectories fulfilled our data quality criteria and were considered during the analysis. Based on this data, we derive summary indicators describing key parameters of the households’ mobility including measures of distance and number of movements as well as shape characteristics of the trajectories. We conduct an explorative statistical analysis of these summary indicators to investigate patterns in the nomadic mobility. We identify three movement strategies based on the number of different campsite locations and the distances traveled between campsites. We also compare the results to the existing literature on the mobility of Mongolian herders. Our findings show that GPS-based studies present a suitable framework to quantitatively analyze different movement strategies of nomadic herders.
•We propose a concept for collecting and analyzing nomadic GPS trajectories.•Mongolian nomadic herders differ gradually in their movement characteristics.•They mainly adopt two strategies to cover larger distances.•We discuss potential applications and recommendations for future GPS-based studies.
We investigated the relationships between vertical movements and both oceanographic features and physiological factors in greater amberjack
Seriola
dumerili
, which is a reef-associated predator in ...the East China Sea.
S.
dumerili
in the coastal waters of eastern Taiwan were equipped with archival tags or pop-up satellite archival tags that recorded depth and temperature, resulting in a dataset covering a total of 1331 d from 12 individuals. To classify the vertical movement patterns of
S.
dumerili
, we performed a hierarchical cluster analysis for the depth profile. We observed multiple vertical movement patterns. Around topographic features,
S.
dumerili
showed short-step dives (averaging <35 m) during both the daytime and nighttime. In contrast,
S.
dumerili
in offshore areas showed diel vertical movements.
S.
dumerili
occasionally performed frequent dives to approximately 150 m throughout the day. These movements may be related to foraging behaviors associated with changes in water depth. We further analyzed the response of the peritoneal cavity temperature to variations in the ambient temperature in 7
S.
dumerili
with archival tags. The peritoneal cavity temperatures fluctuated according to the ambient temperature changes, indicating that the vertical movement of
S.
dumerili
is limited by physiological constraints for the maintenance of body temperature. Together, our results indicate that the vertical movement of
S.
dumerili
may be affected by the trade-off between foraging and thermoregulation.
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify movement pattern differences in the running of youth soccer players with and without lateral ankle sprain (LAS) histories. METHODS A total of 12 participants were ...recruited and assigned to the LAS group or the control group. All participants were assessed for anthropometric data, and they filled in the subjective ankle function questionnaires. Then, reflective markers were attached to their bodies, and they were instructed to run at the preferred speed on the 9-m runway thrice. 3D joint angles for ankle, knee, and hip joints were exported, and their mean values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Ensemble curve analysis was conducted to compare running kinematics between the groups. RESULTS The LAS group exhibited fewer dorsiflexion angles and more inversion angles compared to the control group. Excluding the dorsiflexion deficits and more inverted ankles, there were no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Although the ankle kinematic patterns found in this paper are not considered LAS risk factors, it will be able to identify precise LAS risk factors with prospective design (e.g., lower extremity movement patterns) as well as intrinsic risk factors.
GRIA1 encodes the GluA1 subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels that act as excitatory receptors for the neurotransmitter ...L-glutamate (Glu). AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are homo- or heteromeric protein complexes with four subunits, each encoded by different genes, GRIA1 to GRIA4. Although GluA1-containing AMPARs have a crucial role in brain function, the human phenotype associated with deleterious GRIA1 sequence variants has not been established. Subjects with de novo missense and nonsense GRIA1 variants were identified through international collaboration. Detailed phenotypic and genetic assessments of the subjects were carried out and the pathogenicity of the variants was evaluated in vitro to characterize changes in AMPAR function and expression. In addition, two Xenopus gria1 CRISPR-Cas9 F
models were established to characterize the in vivo consequences. Seven unrelated individuals with rare GRIA1 variants were identified. One individual carried a homozygous nonsense variant (p.Arg377Ter), and six had heterozygous missense variations (p.Arg345Gln, p.Ala636Thr, p.Ile627Thr, and p.Gly745Asp), of which the p.Ala636Thr variant was recurrent in three individuals. The cohort revealed subjects to have a recurrent neurodevelopmental disorder mostly affecting cognition and speech. Functional evaluation of major GluA1-containing AMPAR subtypes carrying the GRIA1 variant mutations showed that three of the four missense variants profoundly perturb receptor function. The homozygous stop-gain variant completely destroys the expression of GluA1-containing AMPARs. The Xenopus gria1 models show transient motor deficits, an intermittent seizure phenotype, and a significant impairment to working memory in mutants. These data support a developmental disorder caused by both heterozygous and homozygous variants in GRIA1 affecting AMPAR function.
•Animals are known to use information such as spatial memory in order to search for or relocate their goals.•Interesting, some animals alter their migratory and diffusive behaviors in a similar ...environment.•We developed an artificial agent-based model in which the agent considers the time series of its memorized locations.•The agent sometimes regards part of its memorized cells as past information and changes its directional rule in order to not to revisit those locations.•Experimental results demonstrated that the agent succeeded in producing both super-diffusive walks and sub-diffusive walks without any adjustments of parameters.
Animals are known to use information such as spatial memory in order to search for or relocate their goals. Some animals show self-avoiding walks to present straight movements. Interesting, animals alter their migratory and diffusive behaviors in response to their own experiences or independently in a similar environment. To tackle this problem by focusing on the decision-making of the random walker, we developed an artificial agent-based model in which the agent considers the time series of its memorized locations. In our proposed model, the agent sometimes regards part of its memorized cells as past information and changes its directional rule in order to not to revisit those locations. Experimental results demonstrated that the agent succeeded in producing both super-diffusive walks and sub-diffusive walks. Importantly, these various characteristic movements emerge without any adjustments of parameters.
Travel party size has been shown to affect tourists' behavior. However, due to a previous lack of big-data analytical techniques, there remains limited research on the effect of party size on tourist ...movements from a large-scale perspective. This paper presents an empirical case study on the understanding of tourist movement patterns from the perspective of party size using mobile tracking data in Xi'an, China. A Fine-grained Travel Party Partition (FTPP) method is proposed to automatically distinguish accompanied tourists from a dataset of all tourists in Xi'an. After aggregating travel parties according to the size, tourist movement patterns are compared across different party sizes from demographic, spatial and temporal aspects. We further discuss how the obtained insights can help the stakeholders in travel package improvement, connectivity enhancement among attractions, attraction planning and management, and personalized next-attraction recommendation.
•We present a large-scale case study understanding tourist movement patterns from the perspective of travel party size.•A Fine-grained Travel Party Partition method is proposed to automatically distinguish accompanied tourists.•Movement behavior of 689,094 tourists are studied.•Tourist movement patterns are compared across different party sizes from demographic, spatial and temporal aspects.•We further discuss how the obtained insights can help the stakeholders.
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