Jails and prisons commonly offer mental health treatments as many people experiencing incarceration suffer from significant psychological distress and substance use problems. One modality through ...which individuals who are incarcerated receive care is psychotherapy; however, process and outcome data in this population are limited. More specifically, little is known about how culture and identity impact the development therapeutic relationship in this context. The multicultural orientation framework, which includes three pillars (cultural humility, cultural opportunities, and cultural comfort), aims to operationalize cultural processes in psychotherapy (J. Owen, 2013). We examined the relationship between therapy outcomes and client ratings of their therapist's cultural humility (positive and negative), cultural opportunities, and the working alliance in two jails. Ninety-four clients engaging in routine psychotherapy rated their experience of the therapy process during their third session. Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between therapy outcomes (i.e., psychological distress and relational distress) and negative cultural humility or cultural opportunities. We did find a significant positive association between the working alliance and therapy outcomes. Notably, therapy outcomes were negatively associated with positive cultural humility, suggesting that clients who rated their therapist higher on positive cultural humility had worse therapy outcomes. Therefore, there may be important setting specific factors that contribute to the importance of orienting to culture in psychotherapy.
Public Significance Statement
The present study examined therapy with individuals experiencing incarceration and found that therapist expressions of positive cultural humility were associated with worse therapy outcomes. This is significant because the extant literature suggests that expressions of positive cultural humility, a pillar of the multicultural orientation framework, are generally supportive and improve therapy outcomes.
Cultural diversity and the digital have been identified as among the most important megatrends facing young Australians in current times. These challenges have been addressed primarily through a ...siloed risk/protection approach, with research and policy/programme formulation focusing on either social cohesion in the 'offline' world, particularly risks/protective factors for those identified as culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) youth; or digital risks/protective factors regarding cyber-safety for mainstream youth. This article contributes to scholarship that bridges the gap between social cohesion and the digital in youth research and policy agendas. Moving beyond the dominant focus on the psychosocial, we propose a sociologically informed, global digital citizenship framework for theorising and analysing social cohesion in relation to young people's digital practices as a foundation for this agenda.
Many countries adopted comprehensive national initiatives to promote equity in higher education with the goal of transforming the culture of research. Major health research funders are supporting ...this work through calls for projects that focus on equity, resulting in a proliferation of theoretical frameworks including "intersectionality," "health equity," and variations of equity, diversity and inclusion, or EDI. This commentary is geared at individual principal investigators and health research teams who are developing research proposals and want to consider equity issues in their research, perhaps for the first time. We present histories and definitions of three commonly used frameworks: intersectionality, health equity, and EDI. In the context of health research, intersectionality is a methodology (a combination of epistemology and techniques) that can identify the relationships among individual identities and systems of oppression; however, it should also be used internally by research teams to reflect on the production of knowledge. Health equity is a societal goal that operationalizes the social determinants of health to document and address health disparities at the population level. EDI initiatives measure and track progress within organizations or teams and are best suited to inform the infrastructure and human resourcing "behind the scenes" of a project. We encourage researchers to consider these definitions and strive to tangibly move health research towards equity both in the topics we study and in the ways we do research.
Racial Disproportionality in Covid Clinical Trials Chastain, Daniel B; Osae, Sharmon P; Henao-Martínez, Andrés F ...
The New England journal of medicine,
08/2020, Letnik:
383, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
To provide the necessary data for generalizing efficacy and safety outcomes across racial groups, Covid-19 clinical trials must prioritize inclusion of patient populations that reflect the ...demographics of the ongoing pandemic, especially in the United States.
Religious diversity has significant consequences on the urban environment, and primarily because of the new spaces that it entails. These spaces engender complex problems of regulation, including ...specific issues related to urban planning. This article will mainly consider the current situation in Italy. Its focus will be on the region of Lombardy, in northern Italy, and on the newly-introduced regulations governing the construction and location of minority places of worship (and of mosques in particular). The example of the region's planning policies and regulations offers an opportunity for a critical rethinking of certain fundamental issues related to urban planning for multiculturalism and diversity. In this perspective, the article stresses the importance of focusing also on the role of planning and building rules and laws in order to protect and promote (religious) diversity and pluralism.
•Religious diversity engender complex problems of regulation related to urban planning.•We analyse a new planning law on places of worship in the region of Lombardy (Italy).•We focus in particular on Islam and on the construction of mosques.•We propose some guidelines for reforming planning systems.•This reform aims to promote and protect religious diversity through planning rules.
Both multiculturalism (which involves recognizing and appreciating differences) and racial/ethnic colorblindness (which can involve emphasizing similarities or individual characteristics) are ...intended to promote intergroup harmony. Nevertheless, these ideologies can backfire when salient. Although this work has sometimes been interpreted to suggest that dominant group members may perceive salient multiculturalism, and non-dominant group members may perceive salient colorblindness, as threatening, it is unclear what about these interethnic ideologies poses a threat and why. The present article draws upon theories of the self-concept to introduce a framework of Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self. Specifically, it is proposed that multiculturalism (colorblindness) is potentially threatening to dominant (non-dominant) group members’ collective, relational, and personal selves. Dispositional and contextual variables that may moderate perceptions of threat among members of dominant and non-dominant groups, alternative interethnic ideologies to multiculturalism and colorblindness, and potential future research directions are discussed.
Persons Excluded due to Ethnicity and Race (PEERs) remain underrepresented in university faculties, particularly in science, technology, engineering, math and medicine (STEMM) fields, despite ...increasing representation among students, and mounting evidence supporting the importance of PEER faculty in positively impacting both scientific and educational outcomes. In fact, the ratio of PEER faculty to students has been steadily dropping since 2000. In our case study, we examine the factors that explain creation of an unusually diverse faculty within a biology department. We analyzed nearly 40 years of hiring data in the study department and show that this department (the study department), historically and currently, maintains a significantly higher proportion of PEERs on faculty as compared to two national datasets. Additionally, we identify factors that contributed to hiring of PEERs into tenure and tenure-track positions. We observed a significant increase in the hiring of PEERs concurrent with the implementation of a co-hiring policy (p = 0.04) which allowed a single search to make two hires when at least one candidate was a PEER. In contrast, three key informants at sister departments reported that co-hiring policies did not result in PEER hires, but instead different practices were effective. In line with one of these practices, we observe a possible association between search committees with at least one PEER member and PEER hiring (p = 0.055). Further, the presence of particular faculty members (Agents of Change) on search committees is associated with PEER hiring. In this case study the combination of a co-hire policy based on the principle of interest-convergence to redress hiring inequities, along with the presence of agents of change, increased faculty PEER representation in STEMM departments.
This paper examines anti-Muslim sentiment in America. Existing research has documented rising hostility to Muslims in Western countries, but has been much less clear about what drives such sentiments ...or exactly what sort of “other” Muslims are understood to be. Our interest is in the cultural construction of Muslims as a problematic or incompatible “other.” We explore the extent, content, and correlates of such views. Building from recent work in critical race theory and the study of cultural boundaries in national belonging, we argue that Muslims are distinct in being culturally excluded on religious, racial, and civic grounds at the same time. Using nationally representative survey data with specially designed measures on views of Muslims and other groups, we show that nearly half of Americans embrace some form of anti-Muslim sentiment, and that such views are systematically correlated with social location and with understandings of the nature of American belonging.
As Indonesia moves to provide health coverage for all citizens, understanding patterns of morbidity and mortality is important to allocate resources and address inequality. The Global Burden of ...Disease 2016 study (GBD 2016) estimates sources of early death and disability, which can inform policies to improve health care.
We used GBD 2016 results for cause-specific deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy, and risk factors for 333 causes in Indonesia and in seven comparator countries. Estimates were produced by location, year, age, and sex using methods outlined in GBD 2016. Using the Socio-demographic Index, we generated expected values for each metric and compared these against observed results.
In Indonesia between 1990 and 2016, life expectancy increased by 8·0 years (95% uncertainty interval UI 7·3–8·8) to 71·7 years (71·0–72·3): the increase was 7·4 years (6·4–8·6) for males and 8·7 years (7·8–9·5) for females. Total DALYs due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes decreased by 58·6% (95% UI 55·6–61·6), from 43·8 million (95% UI 41·4–46·5) to 18·1 million (16·8–19·6), whereas total DALYs from non-communicable diseases rose. DALYs due to injuries decreased, both in crude rates and in age-standardised rates. The three leading causes of DALYs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary risks were a leading contributor to the DALY burden, accounting for 13·6% (11·8–15·4) of DALYs in 2016.
Over the past 27 years, health across many indicators has improved in Indonesia. Improvements are partly offset by rising deaths and a growing burden of non-communicable diseases. To maintain and increase health gains, further work is needed to identify successful interventions and improve health equity.
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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