Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) palm fruits are bright yellow and have a unique sweet scent. The ripe palm fruits are a rich source of carotenoids which are used as a non-toxic natural dye and ...have been recognized for their antioxidant benefits. This study aimed to explore the potential of palm fruit extract as a natural coloring agent. The ripe mesocarp of B. flabellifer was extracted using various organic solvents. The carotenoid content, polysaccharide composition, and antioxidant activity of the palm extracts were investigated. The ethanolic palm extract was selected for stability study in various conditions (pH, time, light, and temperature). Then, the extracted nanoemulsion loaded with B. flabellifer extract was formulated and evaluated. The ethanolic extract from the freeze-dried sample yielded high extractive content (42.9%) and showed the greatest antioxidant activity (IC50 2.4 mg/mL). The color intensity of the extract did not fade after exposure to a pH of more than 4. After the storage for 14 days, the color intensity significantly decreased. The light exposure did not influence the color intensity at 25°C. B. flabellifer ethanolic extracted nanoemulsions were successfully prepared by ultrasonication method with the oil to surfactant weight ratio of 1:9. The nanoemulsions loaded with ethanolic extract were stable. The nanoemulsion of the pulp extract could potentially be used as a natural dye.
Nanoemulsions are the transparent or translucent type of emulsion having droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. The stability and application of nanoemulsions depend on the droplet and ...physicochemical characteristics. The droplet characteristics are studied through the droplet size, droplet composition, droplet concentration, zeta potential, polydispersity, and interfacial tension. The physicochemical properties are studied by their optical property, rheological property, gravitational separation, droplet aggregation, Ostwald ripening, and chemical stability. The emulsifiers and surfactants aid in the emulsification process and are selected according to the requirements of emulsification methods and expected nanoemulsion quality. The methods used for nanoemulsion preparation can be broadly classified into high-energy and low-energy methods. The high-energy methods include high-pressure valve homogenization, high-pressure microfluidic homogenization, ultrasonic homogenization, and rotor-stator homogenization. Similarly, the low energy methods are phase inversion temperature, phase inversion composition, spontaneous emulsification, membrane emulsion, and solvent displacement/solvent evaporation method. The high-energy methods are rapid in comparison to low-energy methods and can handle a large volume of liquid. The low energy methods provide better control over droplet size. Nanoemulsions have broad applications in the food industry such as in the quality enhancement and shelf-life improvement of bakery products, dairy products, meat products, fruit and vegetable products, and also in probiotics and nutraceuticals.
•High energy and low energy methods are the two methods that are employed for the development of nanoemulsions.•Both natural and synthetic emulsifiers can be used for the preparation of nanoemulsions.•Nanoemulsion coatings improve the sensorial properties and the storage stability of the foods.•Nanoemulsion coatings enhance the storage stability of the probiotics and aid in their controlled release.
We report two highly fluorinated Cu-based imaging agents, CuL1 and CuL2, for detecting cellular hypoxia as nanoemulsion formulations. Both complexes retained their initial quenched 19F MR signals due ...to paramagnetic Cu2+; however, both complexes displayed a large signal increase when the complex was reduced. DLS studies showed that the CuL1 nanoemulsion (NECuL1) had a hydrodiameter of approximately 100 nm and that it was stable for four weeks post-preparation. Hypoxic cells incubated with NECuL1 showed that 40% of the Cu2+ taken up was reduced in low oxygen environments.
P2X7R is a purinergic receptor with broad expression throughout the body, especially in immune system cells. P2X7R activation causes inflammatory mediators to release, including interleukin-1β ...(IL-1β), the processing and release of which are critically dependent on this ion channel activation. P2X7R's therapeutic potential augments the discovery of new antagonistic compounds. Thus, we investigated whether the
essential oil could block P2X7R activity. The essential oil (ESO) dose-dependently inhibited ATP-promoted PI uptake and IL-1β release with an IC
of 113.3 ± 3.7 ng/mL and 274 ± 91 ng/mL, respectively, and the essential oil nanoemulsion (ESON) improved the ESO inhibitory effect with an IC
of 81.4 ± 7.2 ng/mL and 62 ± 2 ng/mL, respectively. ESO and ESON reversed the carrageenan-activated peritonitis in mice, and ESON exhibited an efficacy higher than ESO. The majority substance from essential oil, β-caryophyllene, impaired the ATP-evoked PI uptake and IL-1β release with an IC
value of 26 ± 0.007 ng/mL and 97 ± 0.012 ng/mL, respectively. Additionally, β-caryophyllene reduced carrageenan-induced peritonitis, and the molecular modeling and computational simulation predicted the intermolecular interactions in the P2X7R situs. In silico, results indicated β-caryophyllene as a potent allosteric P2X7R antagonist, although this substance may present toxic effects for humans. These data confirm the nanoemulsion of essential oil from
as a promisor biotechnology strategy for impaired P2X7R functions and the inflammatory response.
Nanoemulsions exhibit unique behavior due to their nanoscopic dimensions, including remarkable droplet stability, interactions, and rheology. These properties are significantly enhanced by nanoscopic ...droplet size, as well as the selection of surfactant and other molecular species in solution. Electrostatic and polymer-induced interdroplet interactions are particularly powerful tools for fine-tuning the interdroplet interactions, and have led to stimuli-responsive nanoemulsion systems that provide deep insight into their unique properties. As such, nanoemulsions have emerged as powerful model systems for studying a number of colloidal phenomena including suspension rheology, repulsive and attractive colloidal glasses, aggregation processes, colloidal gelation and phase instability, and associative network formation in polymer–colloid mixtures. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the colloidal behavior of nanoemulsions, and provides a unifying framework for understanding the various complex states that emerge, as well as perspective on emerging challenges and opportunities that will advance the use of nanoemulsions in both fundamental colloid science and technological applications.
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•We review efforts to understand and control colloidal behavior of nanoemulsions.•Electrostatic and polymer-induced interdroplet interactions are discussed.•Repulsive interactions lead to jammed and compressed states at low volume fraction.•Attractive interactions lead to clustering, gelation, and colloidal phase separation.•Nanoemulsions are model fluids to study arrested states in colloidal dispersions.
Nanotechnology, particularly nanoemulsions (NEs), have gained increasing interest from researchers throughout the years. The small-sized droplet with a high surface area makes NEs important in many ...industries. In this review article, the components, properties, formation, and applications are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages are also described in this article. The formation of the nanosized emulsion can be divided into two types: high and low energy methods. In high energy methods, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and ultrasonic emulsification are described thoroughly. Spontaneous emulsification, phase inversion temperature (PIT), phase inversion composition (PIC), and the less known D-phase emulsification (DPE) methods are emphasized in low energy methods. The applications of NEs are described in three main areas which are food, cosmetics, and drug delivery.
Most of the traditional strategies used for facing the management of insect pest and diseases have started to fail due to different toxicological issues such as the resistance of target organism and ...the impact on environment and human health. This has made mandatory to seek new effective strategies, which minimize the risks and hazards without compromising the effectiveness of the products. The use of essential oils, their components and semiochemicals (pheromones and allelochemicals) has become a promising safe and eco-sustainable alternative for controlling insect pest and pathogens. However, the practical applications of this type of molecules remain rather limited because their high volatility, poor solubility in water and low chemical stability. Therefore, it is required to design strategies enabling their use without any alteration of their biological and chemical properties. Oil-in-water nano/microemulsions are currently considered as promising tools for taking advantage of the bioactivity of essential oils and their components against insects and other pathogens. Furthermore, these colloidal systems also allows the encapsulation and controlled release of semiochemicals, which enables their use in traps for monitoring, trapping or mating disruption of insects, and in push-pull strategies for their behavioral manipulation. This has been possible because the use of nano/microemulsions allows combining the protection provided by the hydrophobic environment created within the droplets with the enhanced dispersion of the molecules in an aqueous environment, which favors the handling of the bioactive molecules, and limits their degradation, without any detrimental effect over their biological activity. This review analyzes some of the most recent advances on the use of emulsion-like dispersions as a tool for controlling insect pest and pathogens. It is worth noting that even though the current physico-chemical knowledge about these systems is relatively poor, a deeper study of the physico-chemical aspects of nanoemulsions/microemulsions containing essential oils, their components or semiochemicals, may help for developing most effective formulations, enabling the generalization of their use.
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•Essential oils (EOs), their components (EOCs) or semiochemicals (SE) are allows controlling insect pests and pathogens.•Instability and volatility of EOs, EOCs or SEs require of strategies for taking advantage of their biological activity.•Micro-/nanoemulsions are good tools for design formulations with EOs, EOCs or SEs.•EOs, EOCs or SEs contained within emulsion-like systems commonly present higher biological activity that their free form.•Physico-chemical and operative parameter are essential in the characteristics of the micro−/nanoemulsions.
Hyaluronic acid (HA), an endogenous polysaccharide comprising alternating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine units, is renowned for its high hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and ...biodegradability. These attributes have rendered HA invaluable across medical and drug delivery fields. HA can be altered through physical, chemical, or enzymatic methods to improve the properties of the modified substances. In this work, we synthesized a derivative via the esterification of HA with poly(glyceryl)10-stearate (PG10-C18), designated as HA-PG10-C18. This novel derivative was employed to fabricate a nano co-delivery system (HA-PG10-C18@Res-NE) for fish oil and resveratrol (Res), aiming to enhance their stability and bioaccessibility. An exhaustive investigation of HA-PG10-C18@Res-NE revealed that the HA-modified system displayed superior physicochemical stability, notably in withstanding oxidation and neutralizing free radicals. Moreover, in vitro simulated digestion underscored the system's enhanced bioaccessibility of Res and more efficient release of free fatty acids. These outcomes underscore the strategic advantage of HA in modifying PG10-C18 for nanoemulsion formulation. Consequently, HA-PG10-C18 stands as a promising emulsifier for encapsulating lipophilic bioactives in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals.
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Nanoemulsions are colloidal particulate systems with submicron size particles that function as medication carriers. Their diameter ranges from 10 to 1,000 nanometers. These carriers are solid spheres ...with an amorphous, lipophilic, negative-charged surface. To improve site-specificity, magnetic nanoparticles can be utilized. As a medication delivery method, they improve the medicine's therapeutic efficacy while reducing side effects and hazardous responses. Infections of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), enzyme replacement therapy in the liver, cancer treatment, and immunization are all examples of major applications. An emulsion is a biphasic framework in which one stage is circulated in the other stage as moment drops with widths changing from 0.1 to 100 lm. A thermodynamically unsound framework must be balanced out by adding an emulsifying specialist (emulgent or emulsifier). The scattered stage is otherwise called the interior stage or the irregular stage, though the scattering medium, outside stage, or persistent stage is the external stage. Middle of the road or interphase is one more name for the emulsifying specialist. A miniemulsion is a fine oil/water or water/oil dispersion stabilized by an interfacial coating of surfactant molecules with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 600 nanometers. Nanoemulsions are transparent due to their tiny size.
Nanoemulsions as Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems Dhahir, Rasha Khalid; Al-Nima, Amina Mudhafar; Al-Bazzaz, Fadia Yassir
Turkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences,
10/2021, Letnik:
18, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Nanoemulsions are liquid-in-liquid dispersion with a droplet size of about 100 nm. They have a transparent appearance, high rate of bioavailability, and increased shelf life. Nanoemulsions mainly ...consist of oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant and can be prepared by high- and low-energy methods. Diluted nanoemulsions are utilized for the delivery of ophthalmic drugs due to their capability to penetrate the deep layers of the ocular structure, provide a sustained release effect, and reduce the frequency of administration and side effects. These nanoemulsions are subjected to certain tests, such as safety, stability, pH profile, rheological studies, and so on. Cationic nanoemulsions are prepared for topical ophthalmic delivery of active ingredients from cationic agents to increase the drug residence time on the ocular surface, reducing their clearance from the ocular surface and improving drug bioavailability. This review article summarizes the main characteristics of nanoemulsions, ophthalmic nanoemulsions, and cationic nanoemulsions and their components, methods of preparation, and the evaluation parameters for ophthalmic nanoemulsions.
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