By applying the upper echelons perspective to international strategic decision-making, we examine the impact of managerial characteristics on the choice of foreign entry mode. We distinguish between ...top management team (TMT) international experience and nationality diversity and propose the latter as a central yet understudied aspect of TMT composition that influences international decision-making with regard to choice of entry mode in a unique way. Our results show that while TMTs with international experience are more likely to choose full-control entry modes over shared-control entry modes, nationally diverse TMTs are more inclined to opt for shared-control over full-control entry modes when entering foreign markets. This highlights the need to treat TMT nationality diversity and international experience as two distinct characteristics influencing international strategic decision-making.
Previous climate change temperature-related health studies have been performed mostly in western countries with relatively cooler temperatures than the Gulf region. Regions that are inherently hot, ...like Kuwait, are witnessing soaring temperatures unlike ever before. Meanwhile, Kuwait and other Gulf countries are unique in their demographic profiles due to the large number of non-national migrant workers.
To examine the associations of hot and cold temperature extremes on the risk of mortality across gender, age groups and nationality in Kuwait.
We investigated daily variations of all-cause non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality death counts and ambient temperatures from 2010 to 2016 in a time-series design using a negative binomial distribution. The temperature lag was modeled with distributed lag non-linear models.
A total of 33,472 all-cause non-accidental deaths happened during the study period. For the extreme hot temperatures and over the entire lag period, comparing the 99th percentile of temperature to the minimum mortality temperature, the risk of dying among males was 2.08 (95% CI: 1.23–3.52). Among non-Kuwaitis, males and working age group (15–64 year) had relative risks of death from extreme hot temperatures of 2.90 (1.42–5.93), and 2.59 (1.20–5.59), respectively. For extreme cold temperatures and over the entire lag period, comparing the 1st percentile of temperature to the minimum mortality temperature, the relative risk of death among Kuwaitis was 2.03 (1.05–3.93). Elderly Kuwaitis (65+ year) exposed to extreme cold temperatures had a relative risk of 2.75 (1.16–6.52).
Certain subpopulations in Kuwait are vulnerable to extreme temperatures with doubling to tripling risk of mortality. Nationality is an important effect modifier in temperature-related mortality studies in Kuwait and possibly the Gulf region. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first study to examine specific subpopulation vulnerabilities to temperature in this region. Our findings could carry a potential for broader insight into similar hyper-arid and hot regions.
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•Non-Kuwaiti males and in working age were vulnerable to hot temperatures with doubling to tripling risk of mortality.•Extreme cold temperatures were associated with increased risk of death among elderly (65+ year) Kuwaitis.•In the Gulf states, nationality can be an important effect modifier in the temperature-mortality relationship•Important environmental justice questions need answers.
Research Summary
We integrate insights from upper echelon theory and the literature on innovation and multinational corporations (MNCs) to develop a framework explaining when and why nationality ...diversity in top management teams (TMTs) affects corporate entrepreneurship—as evidenced by diversity in global knowledge sourcing—and through this innovation performance in MNCs. In a panel of 165 manufacturing MNCs based in 20 countries, we confirm that the positive effects of TMT nationality diversity on corporate entrepreneurship and innovation are only unleashed in TMTs with low social stratification and in MNCs located in home countries that are low in national power distance. Our study contributes to opening up the black box of the upper echelon's strategic role in spurring entrepreneurship and innovation in MNCs embedded in different cultures.
Managerial Summary
The internationalization of TMTs in MNCs has been increasing in response to the globalization of markets and sources of knowledge. In this study, we examine under what circumstances MNCs that have TMTs comprised of executives with diverse nationalities exhibit stronger innovation performance. Analysis of leading corporations from 20 countries over a period of 10 years reveals that MNCs with diverse TMTs engage more in corporate entrepreneurship and subsequently see increased innovation performance—but only when these TMTs are operating in environments characterized by equal distribution of power and low hierarchy. The findings underscore the important role of corporate headquarters and TMT composition in the strategic management of modern MNCs.
El Sahara Occidental dejó de estar bajo soberanía de España el 26 de febrero de 1976. Por ello, todos los ciudadanos nacidos en este territorio antes de esa fecha reclaman la nacionalidad española. ...Los saharauis entienden que nacieron en una zona que, en ese momento, formaba parte de España. Pero la justicia no opina lo mismo, ya que, en junio del año 2020, una sentencia del Tribunal Supremo negó ese teórico derecho a los saharauis y estableció que haber nacido en el Sahara Occidental antes de la citada fecha no daba derecho a obtener la nacionalidad española de origen, al no considerarse que fuera territorio nacional.
Online reviews have bridged the gap between traditional word-of-mouth and viral communication, influencing peer's decision processes. Analyzing tourists' online reviews helps hotels address overall ...customer (dis)satisfaction. Using sentiment analysis to understand reviewers' satisfaction and analyze the voice tone and expressed feelings, this research attempts to enlarge hotel, platform, and tourist trilogy's knowledge. A total of 38,292 reviews posted on Booking.com and TripAdvisor from 191 hotels were analyzed. Results indicated that the rating system influenced reviewer's sentiment, even though sentiment did not increase alongside the hotel category, leading to using a sterner tone of voice. Differences were acknowledged according to reviewers' nationality. The most positive feelings were expressed on TripAdvisor linked to staff-tourist encounters whereas Booking.com presented more negative feelings, especially linked to overcharging and billing issues. These outcomes can guide managers in establishing priorities to improve service and meet customers' expectations.
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•Nearly 40.000 Booking.com and TripAdvisor reviews were analyzed using sentiment analysis to understand reviewers’ satisfaction and feelings.•The hotel category influenced the reviewer’s sentiment, even if it did not increase with the hotel category, shown in a sterner tone of voice.•Most positive feelings were expressed on TripAdvisor linked to staff-tourist encounters, varying with reviewers’ nationality.•The negative feelings expressed on Booking.com mainly were related to money issues.•The results help enhance services, meet customers’ expectations, and restore confidence in Online Travel Platforms (OTP) scoring system.
Dans les agglomérations frontalières lilloise et genevoise, l’obtention de la nationalité du pays voisin est un phénomène courant qui se reproduit de génération en génération sans attirer d’attention ...politique ou scientifique particulière. Comment expliquer ces processus d’acquisition et de transmission d’une double nationalité qui n’offre que de faibles avantages comparatifs au sein de l’espace international ? À partir de quels arbitrages conjugaux et parentaux la double nationalité est-elle obtenue et dans quelle mesure fait-elle l’objet d’usages stratégiques au sein des populations frontalières ? En partant de situations où les processus d’acquisition se font quasiment « à nationalité égale », il s'agit d’étudier les conditions de transmission et les formes d’appropriation « subsidiaire » de la double nationalité, en les rapportant aux positions de classe, de « race » et à la génération des individus. Au carrefour de la sociologie urbaine et de la sociologie des migrations, l’article montre que la binationalité ne favorise pas seulement l’accumulation d’un capital international mais constitue également une ressource localisée, mobilisée en appoint d’autres ressources pour soutenir des stratégies résidentielles, scolaires ou fiscales.
The Rights of Others examines the boundaries of political community by focusing on political membership - the principles and practices for incorporating aliens and strangers, immigrants and ...newcomers, refugees and asylum seekers into existing polities. Boundaries define some as members, others as aliens. But when state sovereignty is becoming frayed, and national citizenship is unravelling, definitions of political membership become much less clear. Indeed few issues in world politics today are more important, or more troubling. In her Seeley Lectures, the distinguished political theorist Seyla Benhabib makes a powerful plea, echoing Immanuel Kant, for moral universalism and cosmopolitan federalism. She advocates not open but porous boundaries, recognising both the admittance rights of refugees and asylum seekers, but also the regulatory rights of democracies. The Rights of Others is a major intervention in contemporary political theory, of interest to large numbers of students and specialists in politics, law, philosophy and international relations.
Purpose: This article elaborates the Islamic vision and nationality of Islamic organizations in Indonesia, particularly Hahdhatul Wathan, Al-Irsyad and Al-Wasliyyah.
Theoretical framework: In the ...context above, this research will be designed and carried out, namely conducting an exploration of the Islamic vision and nationality of three Islamic organizations in Indonesia, namely: al-Washliyah, al-Irsyad, and Nahdhatul Wathan.
Design/methodology/approach: The research uses descriptive-qualitative methods, and is included in field research. In obtaining the data, the instruments that the researcher used were in-depth interviews, observations, and studies of related documents.
Findings: From the research conducted, it can be seen that First, Nahdlatul Wathan is one of the Islamic organizations that has a very nationalist vision and perspective of nationalism. However, the nationalism (wathaniyah) of Nahdlatul Wathan does not necessarily follow the trend developed by secular Western-European countries.
Research, Practical & Social implications: In many ways, Nahdlatul Wathan's national and Islamic vision is very similar to that of Nahdlatul Ulama. Both of them accepted Pancasila as the principle of organization, believed in Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah, and highly valued Islamic culture as a link in the chain of Islamic scholarship.
Originality/value: This research contributes to the development of Islamic discourse in Indonesia. The nationalism that Nahdlatul Wathan guides is Religious-Nationalism, namely nationalism that does not come out of religious principles and teachings, nationalism that is built on religious values, and nationalism that synergizes with religion because it is part of religious teachings.
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