The paper aims to introduce some issues of interest in relation to Cuban migration regulations, highlighting some concepts of relevance in the subject and especially in the complex world of Cuban law ...immersed in uncertainties. It aims also to emphasize the incidence of this norm in the field of the person and the autonomy of the will.
In the Ottoman Empire there was no visible dividing line between secular and religious law. The Ottoman state divided its subjects according to their religion into millets or ‘communities’. Religion ...was the basis for these divisions; language and ethnological theories played merely a secondary part. The rationale for this state of affairs was the system of government. Ottoman law was a religious code, which could not be imposed on unbelievers, who could not be recruited into the army. A new spirit of national consciousness awoke among the peoples of the millets with the attempt to create civil laws to replace religious ones. They had to reorganise themselves on national lines if they were hold their own at all in modern international politics because nationality was the contemporary basis of Western states and, owing to the ascendancy of the West in the world, the relations of non-Western peoples to each other and to Western powers had to approximate to the forms which the Western world took for granted. During the nineteenth century, nationality became the leading concept and nationalism celebrated its universal victory. During the nineteenth century, nationalism won hearts and minds of the Balkanites as ‘some kind of a social-emancipatory ideology’ (Moritsch 2002: 83), and ever more voices could be heard, claiming the Balkans for the Balkanites. In the Ottoman Empire, however, the Spring of Nations did not come to the Ottoman nation, but such occurred among the peoples who were under Ottoman rule. Nationalists of all Balkan nations jointly emphasised small differences between them, both in the present as well as in the past. In the process, mythology replaced history; tolerance and multiculturalism were its first victims.
Uzun yıllar idari bakımdan Beylerbeyi, Paşalar, Ağalar ve Dayılar Devri olmak üzere dört farklı şekilde Osmanlı yönetiminde kalan Cezayir, Fransız işgalinden sonra "protesto altında bulunan mahaller" ...olarak görülmüş, Osmanlı Devleti'ne sığınan Cezayirli muhacirler de bu çerçevede değerlendirilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nde Tabiiyet Kanunun çıkarılmasında Mora muhacirleriyle birlikte Cezayirli muhacirlerin de etkisi büyük olmuş ancak Cezayirli muhacirlerin tabiiyet meselesi Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasında nüfuz kazanmak isteyen Fransa'yı oldukça rahatsız etmiştir. Fransa'nın Osmanlı Devleti'ne göç eden Cezayirliler konusunda ilk yıllarda uyguladığı sessizlik politikası sonraki yıllarda bölgede meydana gelen olaylar ve bu kişilerin Osmanlı tabiiyetine geçmeleri nedeniyle yerini muhacirlerin Osmanlı tabiiyetine geçişinin önlenmesi yönünde aktif bir politikaya bırakmıştır. Tüm bu değişim/dönüşümler sonucu iki ülke ilişkileri Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na kadar Cezayirli muhacirler temelli inişli çıkışlı bir sürece sahne olmuştur. Çalışmada, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi'nde bulunan belgeler esas alınarak, bu süreç içinde Osmanlı Devleti'ne gelen Cezayirli muhacirlerin kimler olduğu, hangi dönemde kaç kişinin geldiği, gelen kişilere nasıl bir sözleşme imzalatıldığı, hangi bölgelere yerleştirildiği, bu kişilerin geçimlerini nasıl sağladığı, bulundukları bölge yöneticileri ile iletişimlerinin nasıl olduğu, Bâb-ı Âlinin bölge yöneticileri ile muhacirler konusunda ne gibi yazışmalar yaptığı, Fransa'nın muhacirlerle ilgili değişen söylemleri ve Cezayirli muhacirlerin Fransız vatandaşı olması yönünde uyguladıkları politikalar gibi temel sorular cevaplandırılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Как передается членство в этнических категориях в современном Дагестане, если речь идет о семьях, родители в которых относятся к разным национальностям? На материале 133 интервью, взятых в городских ...и сельских поселениях Дагестана, в статье демонстрируется, что в республике сосуществуют два основных классификаторных правила. Первое, патрилинейное, предполагает, что национальная принадлежность передается по отцу, а национальность матери не играет роли. Второе, амбилинейное, предполагает, что ребенок в «смешанном» браке классифицируется как представитель обеих - отцовской и материнской - национальностей. Такой ребенок часто определяется информантами как «метис», и наблюдается тенденция к этнизации этой категории. Результаты исследования представлены в двух частях. В первой на основании нарративов информантов описывается содержательное функционирование правил наследования национальной принадлежности. Во второй на основе анализа массива данных, созданного за счет кодировки и квантификации интервью, демонстрируется, что патрилинейное правило распространено преимущественно в сельской местности, в то время как амбилинейное - в городах. В дискуссии представлены гипотезы, описывающие происхождение обоих правил в Дагестане, прояснена релевантность исследования правил наследования национальной принадлежности для современной конструктивистской теории этничности, а также показано, как за счет распространения амбилинейного правила может произойти иррелевантизация этнической классификации.
This innovative study explores the interface between nation-building and refugee rehabilitation in post-partition India. Relying on archival records and oral histories, Uditi Sen analyses official ...policy towards Hindu refugees from eastern Pakistan to reveal a pan-Indian governmentality of rehabilitation. This governmentality emerged in the Andaman Islands, where Bengali refugees were recast as pioneering settlers. Not all refugees, however, were willing or able to live up to this top-down vision of productive citizenship. Their reminiscences reveal divergent negotiations of rehabilitation 'from below'. Educated refugees from dominant castes mobilised their social and cultural capital to build urban 'squatters' colonies', while poor Dalit refugees had to perform the role of agricultural pioneers to access aid. Policies of rehabilitation marginalised single and widowed women by treating them as 'permanent liabilities'. These rich case studies dramatically expand our understanding of popular politics and everyday citizenship in post-partition India.
Sporting events are increasingly political with special focus paid to the number of medals won by a country. To increase the number of talented athletes in their national teams, countries may be ...tempted to offer citizenship for talent programmes, which the current sporting federation’s eligibility criteria seek to counteract. Examining the developments taking place in the past 2 years, this article aims to distil recent trends in Olympic nationality requirements, while also taking the broader aspects of international human rights law and the core concepts of nationality law into consideration.
What did citizenship really mean in classical Athens? It is conventionally understood as characterised by holding political office. Since only men could do so, only they were considered to be ...citizens, and the community (polis) has appeared primarily as the scene of men's political actions. However, Athenian law defined citizens not by political office, but by descent. Religion was central to the polis and in this domain, women played prominent public roles. Both men and women were called 'citizens'. On a new reading of the evidence, Josine Blok argues that for the Athenians, their polis was founded on an enduring bond with the gods. Laws anchored the polis' commitments to humans and gods in this bond, transmitted over time to male and female Athenians as equal heirs. All public offices, in various ways and as befitting gender and age, served both the human community and the divine powers protecting Athens.
This article explores the nationality, ownership, and governance of news agencies in Europe, and suggests that we need to rethink and problematize the categories previously used when studying these. ...Drawing on recent data from a pan-European study, the article suggests that the concept of hybridity could be applied to analyzing news agencies’ nationality, ownership, and governance. It reviews the concept through different fields: (a) cultural studies, (b) organizational studies, and (c) political-regime and media-system studies, each of these contributing to a complementary understanding of the concept of hybridity. It concludes that (a) the previously fixed categories of national and international news agencies have become more integrated, (b) the different ownership forms of national news agencies have been partly amalgamated in terms of both owners and clients, and (c) ownership category alone cannot determine whether governance is democratic or nondemocratic, so we also need to look at governance. The article suggests that, by using the concept of hybridity when analyzing news agencies, we are able to see crossing boundaries of earlier ideal types and even developing possible alternative approaches to studying news agencies in future.
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