The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) causes serious economic damage in several soft fruit crops. This study aimed (1) to identify naturally occurring parasitoids ...and predators of this pest in North East Spain and (2) to get preliminary data on their potential as pest biological control agents. Two parasitoid species were found spontaneously parasitizing D. suzukii: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichopria cf. drosophilae Perkins (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Both species were found repeatedly through the survey period and successfully reproduced in the laboratory on D. suzukii pupae. In addition, both species strongly reduced adult emergence of D. suzukii from infested fruits. Regarding predators, Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Antochoridae) were able to feed on D. suzukii eggs but not on larvae whereas the soil predator Labidura riparia Pallas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) consumed D. suzukii larvae and pupae and was effective in reducing pest populations in laboratory tests.
Aphis gossypii Glover is a polyphagous herbivore that causes serious damage to cottons. Current understanding to trap its population is limited in the field approach. In this study, a two-year-course ...study was conducted to test the yellow sticky card (YSC) effects of orientation (east, up, west, and bottom) and height (30, 60, and 90 cm over the cotton crown) on numbers of trapped A. gossypii every three days in ninth days after explosion in a cotton plantation in Shihezi, Xinjiang, Northwest China in 2014 and 2015. In 2014, YSCs in the east orientation at a height of 60 cm trapped the highest number of A. gossypii five days after explosion. In 2015, highest number of A. gossypii were trapped by YSCs in the up orientation at a height of 30 cm. Our results showed that YSC in the up orientation at 30-60 cm over the cotton crown can trap the highest number of A. gossypii since the five to seven days after aphid explosion. In conclusion, the spatial placement of sticky cards can be available to trap the maximum number of pests which should be incorporated into observations in continuous years.
In this chapter, we give an overview of the Graz-BCI research, from the classic motor imagery detection to complex movement intentions decoding. We start by describing the classic motor imagery ...approach, its application in tetraplegic end users, and the significant improvements achieved using coadaptive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). These strategies have the drawback of not mirroring the way one plans a movement. To achieve a more natural control-and to reduce the training time-the movements decoded by the BCI need to be closely related to the user's intention. Within this natural control, we focus on the kinematic level, where movement direction and hand position or velocity can be decoded from noninvasive recordings. First, we review movement execution decoding studies, where we describe the decoding algorithms, their performance, and associated features. Second, we describe the major findings in movement imagination decoding, where we emphasize the importance of estimating the sources of the discriminative features. Third, we introduce movement target decoding, which could allow the determination of the target without knowing the exact movement-by-movement details. Aside from the kinematic level, we also address the goal level, which contains relevant information on the upcoming action. Focusing on hand-object interaction and action context dependency, we discuss the possible impact of some recent neurophysiological findings in the future of BCI control. Ideally, the goal and the kinematic decoding would allow an appropriate matching of the BCI to the end users' needs, overcoming the limitations of the classic motor imagery approach.
This article presents and discusses the scientific publication record from 1910 to 2020 on two topics: "climate" (CL) and "climate change/global warming/climate emergency" (CC/GW/CE). The goal is to ...comparatively visualize how these two distinct publication records have evolved over time, from different classification perspectives, using publication ratios as the key indicator. It is found that research output related to the Earth's contemporary changing climate overtook that of general climate research in 2010, and the publication ratio (CC/GW/CE)/(CL) has been expanding in the last decade. There are significant differences in the publication countries and sources between the two topics. Differentiation factors that affect the level of research output and engagement on the climate challenge include island versus landlocked nations, specialized versus general scientific journals, academic versus institutional organizations. The future of the publication records is discussed, such as the emergence of new terms to refer to the climate challenge, such as “climate emergency”.
Bibliometric analysis; Scientometrics; Human influence on climate; Natural control of climate; Improving climate monitoring; Climate variability; Climate models; CO2.
Sitophilus zeamais is an economically important pest because it feeds on stored corn, since its control is carried out with increasingly toxic insecticides, the objective of the effect of more ...ecological alternatives such as the application of CaO (quicklime 2 %), Beauveria bassiana (1.109 espores.mL-1), Ricinus communis powder aqueous (1,5 %), modified atmosphere storage (20 L silo) and airtight environment (in barrel of 20 L) on the incidence and damage of S. zeamais in stored corn, in the municipality of Tlacotepec de Benito Juarez, Puebla. The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized block design with five repetitions, where the five control methods mentioned above were tested and compared with a control treatment (plastic bag). Quicklime, storage in a modified atmosphere and storage in a hermetic environment significantly decreased (Tukey, p <0.05) the number of weevils in corn grains during 247 days of storage and the percentage of damage to the grains remained below from 1 %. Therefore, these results showed that the application of quicklime, airtight environment and storage in a modified atmosphere controlled the damage caused by S. zeamais and are highly favorable for the conservation and protection of stored corn grains.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of Bacillus subtilis TM3 formulation with botanical pesticides in suppressing Fusarium verticilloides infection in corn. The ...research was carried out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and the Experimental Farm of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) from February to November 2019. The research consisted of two stages, namely an in vitro test of antagonists of botanical pesticides against F. verticilloides using 5 types of plant extracts namely betel leaf extract, turmeric, galangal, cosmos, and clove leaf. The second stage was to test the effectiveness of the combination of the formulation of B. subtilis TM3 with the best 3 types of plant extracts in vitro testing in suppressing F. verticilloides infection in plants. The results of the in vitro study showed that the plant extracts of betel leaf, clove leaf and galangal had the best inhibitory ability on the mycelia growth of F. verticilloides. Meanwhile, the field test found that the application of the B. subtilis TM3 formulation, either alone or in combination with plant extracts, was able to suppress F. verticilloides infection. The combination of B. subtilis TM3 formulation with betel leaf extract showed the best inhibition of 20% against stem rot disease and 13.33% against corn cob rot. This treatment did not affect production quantitatively, but was able to suppress the decline in seed quality due to F. verticilloides infection. Seeds grown by the Plastic Rolled Paper Test (PRPT) method were not only infected with F. verticilloides, but also infected with other seed-borne pathogens, such as Aspergillus niger and A. falvus. The presence of these two pathogens did not inhibit the growth of F. verticilloides in kernels.
Piper gaudichaudianum grows abundantly throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Essential oil extracted from this species has been reported to have larvicidal properties. The aim of the study was to ...characterize the essential oil (EO) of P. gaudichaudianum and its insecticide activity on the third instar larvae (L3) of Lucilia cuprina under laboratory conditions. Groups of 20 L3 were placed on filter paper impregnated with increasing concentrations of 2.5-30% (v/v), equivalent to 0.39-4.77 μL/cm
2
, solubilized in ethanol or acetone. The toxicity was determined by L3 mortality after 6, 24 and 48 h after contact. P. gaudichaudianum EO was also characterized using CG/MS. Lethal concentrations of 50% (LC50) 24 and 48 h after EO exposure were found to be 3.69 and 2.19 when solubilized in ethanol and 9.14 and 6.05 μL/cm
2
when solubilized in acetone, respectively. The major compounds were germacrene B, δ-cadinene, γ-elemene, (Z)-cariophyllene, α-copaene, (E)-cariophyllene, α-calacorene, α-humulene and (E)-nerolidol. The study demonstrated the significant biological activities of P. gaudichaudianum EO (PGEO) compounds against L. cuprina.
Sustainable seismic design and health monitoring Grigorian, Mark; Moghadam, Abdolreza S.; Sedighi, Siavash
Structural control and health monitoring,
November 2022, 2022-11-00, 20221101, Letnik:
29, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Summary
Structural health monitoring and natural control (SHMC) for post‐earthquake realignment and repairs (PERR) are one of the most challenging issues facing earthquake engineers worldwide. ...Currently, neither SHMC nor PERR are parts of contemporary curricula and codes of practice. SHMC aims to help achieve a viable degree of structural sustainability (SS) under predictable environmental conditions. In the present context, SHMC refers to the effort that aims at achieving structural operability before, during, and after severe earthquakes. SHMC is generally associated with the use of piezoelectric sensors and similar devices to measure changes in stresses and strains and detect flaws within the elements of engineering structures. Regardless of the effectiveness of the SHMC systems, no structure can lend itself well to PERR unless it has been designed specifically for the purpose; otherwise, it would be disposable with no gains from the SHMC effort. A seismically sustainable structure can prevent actual collapse, overcome residual effects, and lend itself well to PERR. The purpose of the current article is to introduce a practical basis for efficient use of SHMC concepts in multi‐objective earthquake resisting structures (ERSs). Replaceable energy dissipating moment connections (REDMC), rigid rocking cores (RRCs), high strength tendons, and support level grade beams have been introduced as instruments of natural structural control. The use of monitoring devices has been extended to the evaluation of the effects of formations or elimination of plastic hinges and the variations of the global drift of the system.
Highly efficient CD8+ T cells are associated with natural HIV control, but it has remained unclear how these cells are generated and maintained. We have used a macaque model of spontaneous SIVmac251 ...control to monitor the development of efficient CD8+ T cell responses. Our results show that SIV-specific CD8+ T cells emerge during primary infection in all animals. The ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress SIV is suboptimal in the acute phase but increases progressively in controller macaques before the establishment of sustained low-level viremia. Controller macaques develop optimal memory-like SIV-specific CD8+ T cells early after infection. In contrast, a persistently skewed differentiation phenotype characterizes memory SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in non-controller macaques. Accordingly, the phenotype of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells defined early after infection appears to favor the development of protective immunity in controllers, whereas SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in non-controllers fail to gain antiviral potency, feasibly as a consequence of early defects imprinted in the memory pool.
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•SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in acute infection show poor SIV-suppressive activity ex vivo•SIV-suppressive activity increases over time in SIV controllers preceding viral control•Controllers develop memory-like CD8+ T cells, which seems to favor protective immunity•Cells from non-controllers have a skewed phenotype and fail to gain antiviral potential
Using a cynomolgus macaque model of natural SIVmac251 control, Passaes et al. show that the capacity of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells to suppress SIV is limited during acute infection but increases overtime in SIV controllers. This appears to be favored by the early establishment of optimal CD8+ T cell memory.
Stigmaeid mites parasitizing phlebotomine sandflies were collected in Fars province, Southern Iran, during 2016-2017. The present study has revealed records of four species of stigmaeid mites, ...namely, Eustigmaeus johnstoni, Stigmaeus furcatus, Stigmaeus sinai, and Stigmaeus youngi. Among them, two species S. furcatus and S. youngi are recognized as new records for fauna of Iran. Meanwhile, S. furcatus is new report for mite fauna associated with sandflies in the world (S. furcatus is collected from sandflies for the first time in the world). Also, prevalence of stigmaeid mites on sandflies is evaluated. These parasitic mites were collected from phlebotomine sandflies comprising Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri (Sinton), P. (Phlebotomus) papatasi (Scopoli), Sergentomyia (Sintonius) clydei (Sinton), Se. (Se.) sintoni Pringle, and Se. (Se.) theodori (Parrot). Moreover, wound scars resulting from mites' activities have been observed on abdomen of infested sandflies.
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2B1DCF53-0712-4416-8131-71CB4CEFD03C
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