Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi prinos suhe tvari (ST) krme poluprirodnog travnjaka nakon jedne godine i nakon deset godina proljetne i jesenske primjene krutog stajskog gnoja (KSG) u količini od ...30 t ha-1 te isto usporediti s rezultatima klasične mineralne gnojidbe. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja provedena su četiri gnojidbena tretmana: (i) 30 t ha-1 KSG-a svako proljeće (tretman A); 30 t ha-1 KSG-a svaku jesen (tretman B); (iii) 0 t/ha KSG-a + NPK i KAN svako proljeće (tretman C); (iv) 0 t/ha KSG-a + NPK i KAN svaku jesen (tretman D). U dvogodišnjem prosjeku utvrđen je ukupan prosječan viši prinos ST krme (P<0,05) tretmana B (8,28 t ha-1) u usporedbi s tretmanom A (7,63 t ha-1) (P<0,05). Unutar tretmana A, B i D nije bilo značajnih razlika po godinama istraživanja. Gnojidba mineralnim gnojivima u proljeće (tretman C) i u jesen (tretman (D) rezultirala je većim prinosom ST u usporedbi s gnojidbom KSG-om (P<0,05). Vrijeme primjene mineralnih gnojiva (proljeće – jesen) nije utjecalo na prinos ST (P>0,05). Zaključeno je da je efikasnija gnojidba poluprirodnog travnjaka s 30 t KSG ha-1 u jesen nego u proljeće jer je rezultirala višim prinosom ST krme poluprirodnog travnjaka. Primjena mineralnih gnojiva se pokazala superiornijom u odnosu na gnojidbu s 30 t KSG/ha-1 u proljeće ili u jesen.
The objective of the study was to determine the yield of forage dry matter (DM) of a semi-natural lawn after one year and after ten years of spring and autumn application of farm yrd manure (FYM) in the amount of 30 t ha-1 and to compare the same with the results of standard mineral fertilization. Four fertilizing treatments with fertilizer application were investigated: (i) 30 t ha-1 of FYM every spring (treatment A); 30 t ha-1 of FYM every fall (treatment B); (iii) 0 t ha-1 of FYM + NPK and KAN every spring (treatment C); (iv) 0 t ha-1 of FYM + NPK and KAN every autumn (treatment D). The total average higher DM forage yield (P<0.05) of treatment B (8.28 t ha-1) compared to treatment A (7.63 t ha-1) was determined. Statistically significant differences in DM yield after the first year of the study or after the 10th year of the study were found between A and B fertilizing treatments. Fertilization with mineral fertilizers in the spring (treatment C) and in the autumn (treatment D) resulted in a higher DM yield compared to FYM treatments. It was concluded that, in terms of DM yield, the fertilization of semi-natural lawn with 30 t of FYM ha-1 is more efficient in autumn than in spring. The application of mineral fertilizers was found superior to fertilization with 30 t of FYM ha-1 in spring or autumn.
Natural lawn and artificial turf, which have a great difference on practical function and thermal environment characteristics, are widely used in sports field. In order to obtain the quantitative ...differences on thermal environment in summer, instrumental measurement and questionnaires are used in this paper to investigate the thermal environmental characteristics of natural lawn and artificial turf, respectively. Meanwhile human thermal sensation in the two lawns was also evaluated. The results show that the foliar surface temperature and mean air temperature in artificial turf is significantly higher than that of natural lawn in early summer. Due to thermal discomfort and the potential hurt for athletes on artificial turf field, cooling methods such as sprinkle are recommended.
I takt med sekulariseringen av Norge har den kristne bioetikken mistet innflytelse. For klassisk kristen etikk har det vært mange nederlag de siste tiårene. Men det har skjedd noe mer enn at ...klassiske kristne posisjoner har mistet tilslutning. De kristnes argumenter har også mistet appell og gjennomslagskraft i det offentlige rom, i en grad som ikke alene kan forklares med at antallet kristne synker. Artikkelen identifiserer fem hovedgrunner til at kristne argumenter i bioetikken ikke får gjennomslag i offentligheten: politisk liberalisme, avvisningen av religiøs argumentasjon, avvisningen av unntaksløse moralske forbud, moralsk subjektivisme og relativisme, og avvisning av handlingers symbolverdi. Grunnene drøftes med eksempler fra offentlig debatt.Nøkkelord: bioetikk, kristen etikk, naturrett, politisk liberalismeEnglish summary: Christian bioethics on the defensiveIn Norway, Christian bioethics has lost influence in step with secularization. For classical Christian ethics there have been numerous defeats in recent decades. However, something more than a simple decline in support for classical Christian positions has taken place. Christian arguments have also lost appeal and impact in the public square, to a degree that cannot be explained merely by the falling rate of adherence to Christianity. The article identifies five major reasons why Christian arguments in the sphere of bioethics fail to have an impact in the public square: political liberalism, the rejection of religious argumentation, the rejection of moral absolutes, moral subjectivism and relativism, and the rejection of the symbolic value of actions. The reasons are discussed with examples from the public debate.
I debatten om fastlegers adgang til reservasjon mot henvisning til abort hevdet noen at reservasjonslegenes ønske er selvmotsigende og utilstrekkelig begrunnet. Det ble hevdet at reservasjonslegenes ...foreslåtte balansegang – å nekte henvisning til abort, men i stedet legge til rette for at en kollega henviser («kollegahenvisning») – er etisk inkonsistent og innebærer et særegent etisk hykleri, som har blitt kalt «de rene henders etikk». Ved nærmere ettersyn viser det seg at denne viktige kritikken har brodd mot noen måter å praktisere reservasjon på, men ikke mot alle. Selv om den konkrete saken fikk en løsning som ikke innebærer reservasjonsadgang, er anklagen om «de rene henders etikk» prinsipielt interessant og kan anspore en diskusjon om samvittighetsfrihetens og toleransens grenser, et tema som vil vende tilbake til offentlighetens søkelys i stadig nye former.Nøkkelord: medisinsk etikk, naturrett, reservasjonsrett, samvittighetsfrihetEnglish summary: Conscientious objection for general practitioners – hypocritical or well-justified?In the Norwegian debate about General Practitioners’ (GP) right to conscientious objection to referrals for abortion, some claimed that the GPs’ request was self-contradictory and inadequately justified. It was claimed that the GPs’ suggested balancing act, that is, refusing referral for abortion, while instead facilitating referral by a colleague, is ethically inconsistent and implies a particular kind of ethical hypocrisy, termed ‘the ethics of clean hands’. Upon closer inspection, however, it turns out that this important critique applies to some ways of practicing conscientious refusal, but not to all. Even though this particular case was resolved in a way that does not involve toleration of conscientious objection, the charge of ‘ethics of clean hands’ is fundamentally interesting, and may spur a discussion of freedom of conscience and the limits of tolerance, a topic that will be recurring in the public square in ever new shapes.
The capability approach has developed significantly since Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998. It is now recognised as being highly beneficial in the analysis of poverty and ...inequality, but also in the redefinition of policies aimed at improving the well-being of individuals.
The approach has been applied within numerous sectors, from health and education to sustainable development, but beyond the obvious interest that it represents for the classical economics tradition, it has also encountered certain limitations. While acknowledging the undeniable progress that the approach has made in renewing the thinking on the development and well-being of a population, this book takes a critical stance. It focuses particularly on the approach's inadequacy vis-à-vis the continental phenomenological tradition and draws conclusions about the economic analysis of development. In a more specific sense, it highlights the fact that the approach is too bound by standard economic logic, which has prevented it from taking account of a key 'person' dimension - namely, the ability of an individual to assume responsibility. As a result, this book advocates the notion that if the approach is used carelessly in relation to development policies, it can cause a number of pernicious effects, some of which may lead to disastrous consequences.
Due to its multidisciplinary nature, this book will be of interest to those working in the fields of economics, philosophy, development studies and sociology.
Better Humans? Hauskeller, Michael
2013, 20140911, 2014, 2014-09-11
eBook
Developments in medical science have afforded us the opportunity to improve and enhance the human species in ways unthinkable to previous generations. Whether it's making changes to mitochondrial DNA ...in a human egg, being prescribed Prozac, or having a facelift, our desire to live longer, feel better and look good has presented philosophers, medical practitioners and policy-makers with considerable ethical challenges. But what exactly constitutes human improvement? What do we mean when we talk of making "better" humans? In this book Michael Hauskeller explores these questions and the ideas of human good that underpin them. Posing some challenging questions about the nature of human enhancement, he interrogates the logic behind its processes and examines the justifications behind its criteria. Questioning common assumptions about what constitutes human improvement, Hauskeller asks whether the criteria proposed by its advocates are convincing. The book draws on recent research as well as popular representations of human enhancement from advertising to the internet, and provides a non-technical and accessible survey of the issues for readers and students interested in the ethics and politics of human enhancement.
Onora O'Neill has contributed enormously to moral philosophy (broadly speaking, including both ethics and political philosophy) by identifying Kant's unique and powerful form of normative ...constructivism. Frederick Neuhouser has contributed similarly by showing that all of Hegel's standards of moral rationality aim to insure the complete development of three distinct, complementary forms of personal, moral and social freedom. However, Neuhouser's study does not examine Hegel's justificatory methods and principles. The present article aims to reinforce and extend Neuhouser's findings by explicating Hegel's basic principles for justifying practical norms. Surprisingly, Hegel's basic principles of normative justification are rooted in Kant's constructivism, as explicated by O'Neill. Hegel's adaptation and development of Kant's constructivism results in a powerful form of constructivism about moral principles which merits contemporary interest because it is more powerful and more objectivist than familiar contemporary forms of constructivism.
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