150 YEARS OF SHIP DESIGN Andrews, D
International Journal of Maritime Engineering,
12/2021, Letnik:
152, Številka:
A2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
As part of writing a short article entitled “Ship Design – From Art to Science?” 1 for the Institution’s 150th anniversary celebratory volume 2, the author consulted the Institution’s centenary book ...by K C Barnaby 3 to get a feel for the formative first hundred years of ship design recorded in the learned papers presented to the Institution. This consultation was motivated by consideration of the papers in the first volume of the Transactions of 1860, which, surprisingly, contained no papers directly on ship design, either on ship design in general or through describing the design intent behind a specific new ship. Rather, like the very first paper by Reverend J Woolley, the remaining 1860 papers concerned themselves with what could be called the application of science (and mathematics) to the practice of naval architecture as an engineering discipline. However this initial focus broadened out in subsequent volumes of the Transactions so that both technical descriptions of significant new ship designs and, more recently, papers on the general practice of ship design have also figured, alongside the presentation of progress in the science of naval architecture.
Given that the vast bulk of ships built over this period have been designed like most buildings to a set pattern, or as we naval architects would say based on a (previous) “type ship”, those designs presented in the Institution’s Transactions, and the few other collections of learned societies’ papers, are largely on designs that have been seen to be of particular merit in their novelty and importance. Therefore this review looks at the developments in ship design by drawing on those articles in the Transactions that are design related. In doing so the papers have been conveniently broken down into the three, quite momentous, half centuries over which the Institution has existed. From this historical survey, it is then appropriate to consider how the practice of ship design may develop in the foreseeable future.
Space-air-ground-sea integrated network (SAGSIN), which integrates satellite communication networks, aerial networks, terrestrial networks, and marine communication networks, has been widely ...envisioned as a promising network architecture for 6G. In consideration of its cooperation characteristics of multi-layer networks, open communication environment, and time-varying topologies, SAGSIN faces many unprecedented security challenges, and there have been a number of researches related to SAGSIN security performed over the past few years. Based on such observation, we provide in this paper a detailed survey of recent progress and ongoing research works on SAGSIN security in the aspects of security threats, attack methodologies, and defense countermeasures. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to present the state-of-the-art of security for SAGSIN, since existing surveys focused either on a certain segment or on several segments of the integrated network, and little can be found on the full coverage network. In addition to reviewing existing works on SAGSIN security, we also present some discussions on cross-layer attacks and security countermeasure in SAGSIN, and identify new challenges ahead and future research directions.
•Assessment of fuels, efficiency measures and policies to decarbonise shipping.•LNG must be combined with various efficiency measures to meet 50% climate target.•Slow steaming and wind assistance are ...key efficiency measures to reduce fuel.•Hydrogen and biofuels are lower carbon, but highly variable supply chain emissions.•Longer term deep decarbonisation will require strong economic incentives.
International shipping provides 80–90% of global trade, but strict environmental regulations around NOX, SOX and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are set to cause major technological shifts. The pathway to achieving the international target of 50% GHG reduction by 2050 is unclear, but numerous promising options exist. This study provides a holistic assessment of these options and their combined potential to decarbonise international shipping, from a technology, environmental and policy perspective. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is reaching mainstream and provides 20–30% CO2 reductions whilst minimising SOX and other emissions. Costs are favourable, but GHG benefits are reduced by methane slip, which varies across engine types. Biofuels, hydrogen, nuclear and carbon capture and storage (CCS) could all decarbonise much further, but each faces significant barriers around their economics, resource potentials and public acceptability. Regarding efficiency measures, considerable fuel and GHG savings could be attained by slow-steaming, ship design changes and utilising renewable resources. There is clearly no single route and a multifaceted response is required for deep decarbonisation. The scale of this challenge is explored by estimating the combined decarbonisation potential of multiple options. Achieving 50% decarbonisation with LNG or electric propulsion would likely require 4 or more complementary efficiency measures to be applied simultaneously. Broadly, larger GHG reductions require stronger policy and may differentiate between short- and long-term approaches. With LNG being economically feasible and offering moderate environmental benefits, this may have short-term promise with minor policy intervention. Longer term, deeper decarbonisation will require strong financial incentives. Lowest-cost policy options should be fuel- or technology-agnostic, internationally applied and will require action now to ensure targets are met by 2050.
At present, very few CubeSats have flown in space featuring propulsion systems. Of those that have, the literature is scattered, published in a variety of formats (conference proceedings, contractor ...websites, technical notes, and journal articles), and often not available for public release. This paper seeks to collect the relevant publically releasable information in one location. To date, only two missions have featured propulsion systems as part of the technology demonstration. The IMPACT mission from the Aerospace Corporation launched several electrospray thrusters from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and BricSAT-P from the United States Naval Academy had four micro-Cathode Arc Thrusters from George Washington University. Other than these two missions, propulsion on CubeSats has been used only for attitude control and reaction wheel desaturation via cold gas propulsion systems. As the desired capability of CubeSats increases, and more complex missions are planned, propulsion is required to accomplish the science and engineering objectives. This survey includes propulsion systems that have been designed specifically for the CubeSat platform and systems that fit within CubeSat constraints but were developed for other platforms. Throughout the survey, discussion of flight heritage and results of the mission are included where publicly released information and data have been made available. Major categories of propulsion systems that are in this survey are solar sails, cold gas propulsion, electric propulsion, and chemical propulsion systems. Only systems that have been tested in a laboratory or with some flight history are included.
•Review of current methods for Cubesat propulsion are discussed.•Chemical, electric, and propellantless propulsion methods are summarized.•Propulsion systems with flight heritage are highlighted.
Review of ship energy efficiency Barreiro, Julio; Zaragoza, Sonia; Diaz-Casas, Vicente
Ocean engineering,
08/2022, Letnik:
257
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Energy efficiency has become increasingly relevant in the current economic and environmental situations. This paper aims to create a map of the state of the art of the energy efficiency on the marine ...sector, both in the scale of the individual ships and the entire industry. The first point of interest will be an examination of the regulatory framework of the shipping sector in regards of energy efficiency.
Next there are the procedures implemented on ships with the aim of diminishing their consumption and emissions. These measures range from modifications of the design to the operational practices. Following that will be the potential advances that the industry could implement on a bigger scale to enhance the efficiency of the whole sector.
Finally, an overview of the main obstacles for the implementation of these measures will be examined. While the current standards are a temporary solution and several of the most prominent improvements require further investigation, the continuous effort increases the potential of this sector for optimization.
These factors emphasize the utility of this review as an introduction to help other studies have a solid understanding of the state of the art of energy efficiency in the naval industry.
•State of the art regulatory framework of energy efficiency in shipping.•Options to optimize ship performance in design and operations.•Suggestions for increasing efficiency on the naval sector as a whole.
Ambulance ships are one of the ships used to help transport the people who experience pain and are in the islands and are connected to the nearest regional General Hospital. The ship will be used in ...two concepts, namely the first to transport sick people or due to disasters and when ordinary days are used to transport passengers. This need is a consideration to reach areas that are quite difficult to reach. In this plan, the principal dimension is determined according to the area covered. Ships selected using Fibreglass material. The planning method uses a spiral design with ship planning procedures. The dimensions obtained are based on the results of calculations according to the function and usability of the ship. And the speed of the ship produced as well as the load space for passengers and sick people. This ambulance ship will be used according to the limits of the planning results.
The 2nd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2022 (ICMEAS – 2022) was a continuation of the previous endeavor dedicated to gather a significant number of diverse ...leading scholar, scientist, academician, researchers, industrial experts etc., together from different parts of the globe and exchange their experiences and researches. That conference offered a platform to junior researchers and scientist to have an exposure to a wider but uniquely intellectual community and have interaction with them. It gave an exceptional value for students, academics and industry researchers. The ICMEAS – 2022 also provided a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Mechanical, Manufacturing, Aeronautical, Naval, and Energy Engineering and other related fields. This conference was run both online and physical modes over a period of three days of time.The ICMEAS – 2022 conference was a great success with the relentless effort of each member of the organizing committee and active participation of the organizing partners, and spontaneous response of the scholars, researchers and scientist from around the world. The voluntary contribution of the scientific community in completing the rigorous peer review process was remarkable.It would not be possible without the unreserved patronization of the Commandant MIST and persistent conviction of the Chair, Co-Chair and Organizing Chair of the ICMEAS – 2022 conference. Last but not the least, contribution of all sponsors, particularly MJL Bangladesh Limited was undeniable to make that conference successful.List of Organising Committee, Advisory Committee, Scientific Committee, Publication and Technical Sub Committee, Reviewers are available in this pdf.
Abstract Emergent design failures are ubiquitous in complex systems, and often arise when system elements cluster. Approaches to systematically reduce clustering could improve a design’s resilience, ...but reducing clustering is difficult if it is driven by collective interactions among design elements. Here, we use techniques from statistical physics to identify mechanisms by which spatial clusters of design elements emerge in complex systems modelled by heterogeneous networks. We find that, in addition to naive, attraction-driven clustering, heterogeneous networks can exhibit emergent, repulsion-driven clustering. We draw quantitative connections between our results on a model system in naval engineering to entropy-driven phenomena in nanoscale self-assembly, and give a general argument that the clustering phenomena we observe should arise in many distributed systems. We identify circumstances under which generic design problems will exhibit trade-offs between clustering and uncertainty in design objectives, and we present a framework to identify and quantify trade-offs to manage clustering vulnerabilities.
A core aspect of temporal complexity in the design of non-transport vessels is the uncertainty related to the future market and contract opportunities, and the corresponding changeability that should ...be incorporated into the ship design to meet this uncertainty. The development of an appropriate design specification for a new ship represents a core strategic decision for ship owners as part of a fleet renewal or expansion programme, with a high financial risk and a long time horizon of typically 20-30 years. This type of temporal complexity is one out of several complexity aspects to be handled as part of a ship design process.
In this paper we model possible realizations of an uncertain future for a vessel using the Epoch-Era Analysis (EEA) method. Here, we use the epochs as the primary instrument for capturing major market developments, such as the opening of new offshore areas, new emission regulatory regimes, or the availability of new, disruptive technologies. From these, more specific epoch variables are derived, for which specific contract opportunities can be generated. The epoch-specific performance of the vessels is found by solving a Ship Design and Deployment Problem (SDDP) of concurrently identifying both a preferable ship design and the corresponding path of consecutive contracts that maximizes total revenue.
We present a case study related to the design of an Anchor Handling Tug Supply (AHTS) vessel. The study illustrates the complexity in striking the correct balance between optimizing the vessel for an initial scenario, while at the same time providing addition performance capabilities to be competitive in the context of future market requirements.
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