Ein auffallendes Merkmal in den deutschen Basisdialekten stellt die sogenannte "Negationskongruenz" oder auch "doppelte Negation" dar. Umso erstaunlicher ist es, dass bisher nur selektiv zu einzelnen ...Dialekten geforscht wurde, nicht jedoch eine mikrotypologisch angelegte, korpusbasierte Arbeit zu diesem Phänomen vorliegt. Diese Forschungslücke schließt Ann-Marie Moser: Sie identifiziert zwei verschiedene Typen der Negationskongruenz und legt dar, dass diese Negationskonstruktionen unterschiedlich im Raum verteilt sind. Die Negationskongruenz ist nicht obligatorisch, sondern optional – während Ansätze aus dem Minimalismus nur beschränkt mit der Optionalität umgehen können, bietet sich eine Analyse im Rahmen der Optimalitätstheorie an. Eine qualitativ angelegte Datenerhebung im oberdeutschen Raum bestätigt, dass sich Sprecherinnen und Sprecher des Alemannischen und Bairischen in der Wahl der Negationskonstruktion und auf pragmatischer Ebene unterscheiden. Schließlich geht Moser der Frage nach, warum im Standarddeutschen die Negationskongruenz nicht möglich ist, in allen deutschen Dialekten hingegen schon.
This study compares standard negation in the indigenous languages of South America to the rest of the world. We show that South American languages not only prefer postverbal negation to preverbal ...negation and negative morphology to syntax, but postverbal morphological negation to any other negation strategy. The predominance of this strategy makes South America distinct from other macro-areas. The study also considers the areal distribution of negation on the South American continent. It shows that negation strategies each have their own concentration area. Postverbal morphological negation, which is the dominant strategy, turns out to be concentrated in the northwest of the continent, with the highest density around the boundaries between Colombia, Peru and Brazil. We suggest that the preference for postverbal morphological negation in South America is likely to be the result of language-internal mechanisms of negation renewal, coupled with language contact.
The aim of this paper is to detect and assess some parasitic aspects that characterize John Duns Scotus’s account of negation, with a major focus on epistemology and theology. The first paragraph ...introduces the concepts of asymmetricalism or negation parasitism and traces the occurrence of four asymmetricalist theses in the Author’s production. The second paragraph presents and analyzes a first strategy to dismiss negative theology through an elimination scheme, namely a conditional which reduces negative epistemic propositions to positive ones. The third section attempts a generalization of such a scheme to make it suitable for any kind of negative knowledge foreign to the theological context. The fourth and last paragraph presents a different and more problematic eliminative strategy for negative theology and deals with the issues that arise from it.
Abstract In the Jê languages standard negators tend to take a post-verbal position. This paper asks why this should be the case and therefore discusses earlier accounts relating Jê standard negators ...to either negative verbs or privative postpositions. We argue that these accounts do not have to exclude each other. In particular, we propose that an existential negator can be reanalyzed as a privative one. We also argue that if the origin of the standard negator is a verb with the meaning ‘finish’, we may be dealing with a scenario that is similar to the ‘Negative Existential Cycle’. In both, the existential negator denies the existence of a state of affairs and then turns into a standard negator. But whereas in the Negative Existential Cycle the non-existence of a state of affairs is modelled on the non-existence of an object, in the ‘new’ scenario the non-existence of a state of affairs derives from the fact that a process or event has come to an end.
Resumo Nas línguas Jê, os negadores padrão tendem a ocorrer na posição pós-verbal. Este artigo pergunta por que isso deve ser o caso e, portanto, discute análises anteriores, relacionando os negadores padrão Jê a verbos negativos ou a posposições privativas. Argumenta-se que essas duas possibilidades não são necessariamente mutuamente exclusivas. Em particular, sugerimos que um negador existencial pode vir a ser reanalisado como um negador privativo. Também argumentamos que, caso a origem do negador padrão seja um verbo com o significado de ‘terminar’, pode se tratar de um cenário semelhante ao chamado ‘Ciclo Negativo Existencial’. Em ambos esses cenários, o negador existencial serve para negar a existência de um estado de coisas, posteriormente transformando-se em um negador padrão. Mas, enquanto no Ciclo Negativo Existencial a expressão da inexistência de um estado de coisas tem por modelo a expressão da inexistência de um objeto, no ‘novo’ cenário, a inexistência de um estado de coisas é derivada do fato de um processo ou evento ter chegado ao fim.
Human judgments of similarity and difference are sometimes asymmetrical, with the former being more sensitive than the latter to relational overlap, but the theoretical basis for this asymmetry ...remains unclear. We test an explanation based on the type of information used to make these judgments (relations versus features) and the comparison process itself (similarity versus difference). We propose that asymmetries arise from two aspects of cognitive complexity that impact judgments of similarity and difference: processing relations between entities is more cognitively demanding than processing features of individual entities, and comparisons assessing difference are more cognitively complex than those assessing similarity. In Experiment 1 we tested this hypothesis for both verbal comparisons between word pairs, and visual comparisons between sets of geometric shapes. Participants were asked to select one of two options that was either more similar to or more different from a standard. On unambiguous trials, one option was unambiguously more similar to the standard; on ambiguous trials, one option was more featurally similar to the standard, whereas the other was more relationally similar. Given the higher cognitive complexity of processing relations and of assessing difference, we predicted that detecting relational difference would be particularly demanding. We found that participants (1) had more difficulty detecting relational difference than they did relational similarity on unambiguous trials, and (2) tended to emphasize relational information more when judging similarity than when judging difference on ambiguous trials. The latter finding was replicated using more complex story stimuli (Experiment 2). We showed that this pattern can be captured by a computational model of comparison that weights relational information more heavily for similarity than for difference judgments.
There are areas of leisure that remain underexplored in the literature, namely the decisions, behaviours, and outcomes of leisure that are less than positive, if not outright negative. Specifically, ...we explore in critical fashion the "absence 'negation of leisure' in this think-piece. To do so, we apply observational and historical reflections from participation in concert events as a vehicle for conceptual exploration. We hope this critical commentary prompts others to critique the unseen or unconsidered aspects of the leisure venues they study, because as we posit, there is much more there to be explored than is currently being investigated.
La réaction thérapeutique négative peut voiler la négation pour les adolescents somatisant. La négation qui a un sens de refus pour l’adolescent peut aussi signifier son désir de subjectivation donc ...pulsion de vie. Les transferts positif et négatif formés autour de négation doivent être traités attentivement par le psychanalyste, non seulement comme un refus de guérison, mais aussi un mouvement de désir plein de libido en face d’un adulte.
Il est fréquent qu'une réaction thérapeutique négative soit actuellement évoquée lorsque l'analyse bute sur des résistances sévères qui font courir le risque d'une analyse interminable. Freud, ...cependant, a proposé une théorie spécifique de cette notion en constatant la logique paradoxale à l'œuvre : l'apparition d'une réaction négative lorsqu'un symptôme a été résolu, avec un renforcement de la souffrance et une aggravation de l'état de l'analysant. Comment comprendre le fait que certains analysants puissent ainsi basculer dans une négativité destructrice ? Dans cet article, l'auteur après avoir suivi le cheminement de l'élaboration de cette modalité de résistance dans la pensée de Freud, en appui sur la clinique, propose d'en illustrer le déploiement à la lumière des travaux de certains de ses successeurs.
Re-Evaluating Syntax-Based Negation Scope Resolution YOSHIDA, Asahi; KATO, Yoshihide; MATSUBARA, Shigeki
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems,
2024/01/01, 2024-1-1, 20240101, Letnik:
E107.D, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Negation scope resolution is the process of detecting the negated part of a sentence. Unlike the syntax-based approach employed in previous researches, state-of-the-art methods performed better ...without the explicit use of syntactic structure. This work revisits the syntax-based approach and re-evaluates the effectiveness of syntactic structure in negation scope resolution. We replace the parser utilized in the prior works with state-of-the-art parsers and modify the syntax-based heuristic rules. The experimental results demonstrate that the simple modifications enhance the performance of the prior syntax-based method to the same level as state-of-the-art end-to-end neural-based methods.
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