( Ar) التراكيب ذات البادئة النافية فى اللغة القبطية تتناول هذه الورقة البحثية البادئة النافية at التي تدخل علي الأسماء والأفعال لتكوّن اسمًا مجردًا منفيًا (صفة منفية) حيث إنه يوجد العديد من الأسماء ...المجردة تتكون من البادئة النافية at . علاوة على ذلك، جميع الأسماء المجردة المنفية بالأداة at، تُلحق بها.في اللغة القبطية، هناك القليل من الصفات الحقيقية، ويرجع ذلك إلى أن الشكل القديم للغة كان غنيًا بأفعال الصفات، ويتم التعبير عن الصفة في القبطية عن طريق جملة الصلة أو الأسماء المرتبطة ببعضها من خلال أداة الإضافة n -،. هذه الصفة تتبع اسمها في النوع (مذكر أو مؤنث)وقد تم إجراء تحليل لاستخدام البادئة السالبة في اللغة القبطية. حيث ينقسم استخدامها إلى مجموعتين: أولًا: البادئة النافية at مع الأفعال ثانياً: البادئة النافية at مع الأسماء حيث تم توضيح الفارق في المعني بين أصل الفعل والاسم وبين الكلمة المسبوق بـ at وكذلك الأصل المصري القديم والديموطيقي لكل كلمة مع الشرح بأمثلة. الصفة المنفية، التي تتألف من البادئة النافية at + الفعل أو الاسم، تتبع اسمها، لكنها ترتب معًا بأداة الإضافة n-، كما أن لها وظائف نحوية وصفية: تمثل المبتدأ أو الخبر في الجملة الأسمية، ويتم تقديم لمحة عامة عن الوظائف النحوية في الاستنتاجات. في الختام، تم عمل ملحقين بهم جميع الأسماء المجردة المنفية بـ at طبقاً لما ورد في قاموس المفردات القبطيCrum's Coptic Dictionary، أحدهما للأفعال والآخر للأسماء، حيث نجد أن عدد الأفعال المتصلة بـ at أكثر من الأسماء المتصلة بـ at. ( En ) The present paper handles the compound noun, the negative, and the use of the formative at-, which is used for nouns and verbs since many abstract nouns comprise the prefix at-. Finally, all the abstract nouns negated by at are appended to. In Coptic, there are few true adjectives because the old form of the language is rich in adjective-verbs. Generally speaking, the adjective is expressed in Coptic by means of a relative clause or by substantives linked together by the genitival adjective n-. Less frequently, the noun and its qualifying substantive are in direct opposition. This adjective follows its noun in masculine and feminine forms. In this article, an analysis is made of the use of the negative prefix at- in Coptic. The examples of its use are divided into two groups: - The negative prefix at- with verbs; - The negative prefix at with nouns. The meaning of some frequently occurring verbal and nominal roots modified by at- is explicated and their etymological (Ancient Egyptian and Demotic) predecessors are provided. Syntactically, the compounds with at- are abstract nouns that function predominantly as equivalents of adjectives, as Coptic has only a few adjectives in the strict sense. Consequently, the at- compounds have adjectival syntactic functions: they modify the head noun in the nominal phrase or function as the nominal predicate in nominal sentences. They can also function as nouns, for example as the subject of the sentence. An overview of the syntactic functions of the at- compounds examined is presented in the conclusion. In the Appendices, alphabetic overviews are provided of respectively the deverbal and denominal compounds with at- mentioned in Crum’s Coptic Dictionary. It be
Much of what we know about the society of Toba peoples in the Bolivian Chaco comes from publications of Franciscan missionaries who interacted with them in the 19th century. European explorers and ...ethnographers published short ethnographic descriptions and wrote down some words in Toba language, but those are insufficient for analyzing their language. Lack of linguistic data prevents us from corroborating our presumption about cultural and social ties that historically would have linked the Bolivian Tobas with the so-called western Tobas of Argentina. In this work, we systematize linguistic data in an unpublished Toba vocabulary attributed to the Franciscan Hermán Cattunar (c. 1911), considering the context in which it was produced. We present the structure of the vocabulary and describe, from a functionalist perspective, the free pronouns, the verbal pronominal indexes (Haspelmath 2013; Cysouw 2003), the negation strategies (Miestamo 2000, 2006), and the cardinal numbers as recorded by Cattunar. Our analysis contributes to understand possible grammaticalization processes in Guaycuruan languages, undetectable when each language is analyzed synchronically. It also provides materials to investigate the hypothesis of contact between the Bolivian Tobas and other Tobas in the region.
Corpora Annotated with Negation: An Overview Jiménez-Zafra, Salud María; Morante, Roser; Teresa Martín-Valdivia, María ...
Computational linguistics - Association for Computational Linguistics,
03/2020, Letnik:
46, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Negation is a universal linguistic phenomenon with a great qualitative impact on
natural language processing applications. The availability of corpora annotated
with negation is essential to training ...negation processing systems. Currently,
most corpora have been annotated for English, but the presence of languages
other than English on the Internet, such as Chinese or Spanish, is greater every
day. In this study, we present a review of the corpora annotated with negation
information in several languages with the goal of evaluating what aspects of
negation have been annotated and how compatible the corpora are. We conclude
that it is very difficult to merge the existing corpora because we found
differences in the annotation schemes used, and most importantly, in the
annotation guidelines: the way in which each corpus was tokenized and the
negation elements that have been annotated. Differently than for other well
established tasks like semantic role labeling or parsing, for negation there is
no standard annotation scheme nor guidelines, which hampers progress in its
treatment.
Abstract We examined the effect of explicit norm nudge requests for compliance in a field study on workplace dishonesty and three controlled experiments on reciprocity. The requests were presented ...either with affirmation (e.g., “please pay” and “please remember to pay”) or negation (e.g., “please, do not forget to pay”) and solicited by either one person or three people who were also the beneficiaries of compliance. We also explored how these requests affected first time and repeated behaviors. We found no effect of the number of people soliciting the requests. However, we did find that for first‐time behaviors, any request increased compliance compared with no request, and those worded with affirmation were more effective than those worded with negation. We replicated this pattern in repeated behaviors—both at the group and at the individual level—but only when the initial compliance, before the request, was low. Importantly, no increase emerged when individuals did not receive requests, showing that requests only, and not regression to the mean, explained the effect.
Abstract
From a conversation-analytic perspective, this article analyzes three types of verbal negation in Korean, which shape requests for confirmation (RfCs) into distinctive interactional ...resources. The pre-verbal negation (an) RfC emerges in the context where the recipient is prompted to see the "fittedness" of its confirmable as referencing an "allusive" aspect of his/her situated domain, inferentially formulated by the questioner as a "negative event." The post-verbal negation (ci anh) renders the RfC a vehicle for making mitigated assertions, seeking the recipient's agreement in acquiescence to the questioner's "problematizing" stance. The use of post-nominalization negation (nun-ke ani) RfC exhibits the questioner's "conjecturing" stance, displaying norm-based deontic orientations treating the noted event at hand as deviant or counter-expectational. The target of the confirmable is formulated an "entity" assessable by the recipient as an externally-positioned co-member/evaluator. Cross-linguistic implications of the findings are discussed, in relation to English tag questions and negative interrogatives.
Kafka's drawing style, like his writing one, is abstemious in the extreme; the question is how to characterize his criterion of subtraction. Studying the diary drawings alongside the text in which ...they are embedded points toward a general dynamic of deactivation-an aesthetics of disillusion in the baroque tradition of desengaño-that can be seen more clearly than read. Kafka repeatedly draws and writes about thresholds. But while his diary writing tends to thematize a perceived failure to pass from one side to another, the accompanying drawings systematically eliminate this register, and with it, all sense of directional movement or striving. The drawings operate as emblems of a passage, and so also of metapherein, in all its most iconic shapes-ladders, gates, permeable walls-but of a passage suspended at the very apex of its arc, where failure is impossible to distinguish from success. The nihilistic thrust of an aestheticized despair is here in turn negated, and the result, like Wittgenstein's duck rabbit example, is in principle ambiguous. The essay argues that such structural ambiguity becomes a crucial feature of the literary works, which are constructed, as the diary entries themselves usually are not, in accordance with a similarly emblematic technique of double negation or "right despair."
‘Not’ in focus Jochen Zeller
Studies in African linguistics,
04/2021, Letnik:
50, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper investigates the interaction of focus and negation in the Bantu language Zulu (Nguni; S42). I discuss four strategies that are used to negate transitive sentences in Zulu. The default ...strategy, in which an object marker is added to the negated verb, expresses polarity focus by dislocating the object-marked object from the VP-focus domain. In the second strategy, no object marker occurs, and focus falls on the object or the VP. I show that in this strategy, negation typically associates with the focus and is not part of the presupposition, and I argue that this is responsible for a (hitherto unexplained) additional contrastive inference that speakers report with this negation strategy. The third strategy, a cleft, is used to remove the focused object from the scope of negation; as a result, negation can associate with the presupposition. In the fourth strategy, the object noun loses its augment and is interpreted as a negative polarity item (NPI). Based on a proposal by Lahiri (1998), I argue that in negated sentences with NPI-objects, focus is placed on an implicit cardinality predicate which is associated with the semantic representation of the indefinite NPI-object.
SOME MODEL THEORY OF GUARDED NEGATION BÁRÁNY, VINCE; BENEDIKT, MICHAEL; CATE, BALDER TEN
The Journal of symbolic logic,
12/2018, Letnik:
83, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Guarded Negation Fragment (GNFO) is a fragment of first-order logic that contains all positive existential formulas, can express the first-order translations of basic modal logic and of many ...description logics, along with many sentences that arise in databases. It has been shown that the syntax of GNFO is restrictive enough so that computational problems such as validity and satisfiability are still decidable. This suggests that, in spite of its expressive power, GNFO formulas are amenable to novel optimizations. In this article we study the model theory of GNFO formulas. Our results include effective preservation theorems for GNFO, effective Craig Interpolation and Beth Definability results, and the ability to express the certain answers of queries with respect to a large class of GNFO sentences within very restricted logics.
In this paper, we critically discuss the idea of a ‘philosophical interpretation’ of paraconsistent logics. We do so by considering the
epistemic approach to paraconsistency
, by Carnielli and ...Rodrigues (2019a), according to which paraconsistent logics
should
be interpreted exclusively in terms of non-conclusive evidence, and also, by considering counter-arguments by Barrio (2018) and Barrio and Da Re (2018), according to whom paraconsistent logics are not specially tied to any specific interpretation. We begin by presenting the positions involved, and by arguing that the debate may be profitably understood in terms of the distinction between pure and applied logics. We argue that
dialetheism is not an interpretation of paraconsistent logics
, but rather a view on truth and negation which requires
use
of paraconsistent logics. Something similar may be said about the epistemic approach itself. The result is that there is nothing distinctive to be called
a philosophical interpretation
of paraconsistent logics, but rather what we have are distinct
applications
of paraconsistent logics. Arguments by Barrio (2018) and Barrio and Da Re (2018) may be then re-framed more effectively.
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