"One Thousand and One Nights” The Sublime Example of Grotesque in Oriental Folk Literature Abstract Heeding the modern criticism and literary theory is an effective method for reading a text and ...achieving the deep meaning of it. Such an approach causes the reader’s vast understanding too. Therefore, nowadays the study of literature influenced by modern critical theories is profoundly attractive for researchers. The classic literary works are no exception. “One Thousand and One Nights” as the most comprehensive collection of Middle Eastern folk tales has always drawn sociologists’, anthropologists’, art and literature researchers’ attention to itself. Hence, by studying and analyzing it’s long and short tales and defining Grotesque features of them (e.g. incompatibility, disharmony, funny, terrifying and hideous issues) readers will respectfully find out that “One Thousand and One Nights” is not a collection of mere nonsensical absurd jokes. This paper is attempting to clarify that due to various contents, combination of comedy and tragedy, literary delicacy, mysterious themes and so on “One Thousand and One Nights” is the sublime example of Grotesque in Oriental folk literature and oral tradition.
This paper examines the history of translations into Swedish of The Thousand and One Nights , focusing mainly on the more extensive ones that attempt or purport to translate the “complete” work. ...Considering the textual history of the Arabic Alf layla wa-layla , however, the notion of “completeness” is largely illusory, since there is no definitive original text of the work, only a large number of differing versions. But the Swedish translators, beginning with Hinrik Sandström in the 1830’s and ending with Nils Holmberg in the 1960’s, also fail to provide faithful renderings of any single one of these versions; they fall short for a variety of reasons, mainly their lack of knowledge of the Arabic language and of Arabic culture, and an eagerness to adapt the text to the expectations and the taste (and at times the prudishness) of the Swedish audience and/or publishers. In many cases, these adaptations had already been made in the French, German, Danish, and English translations used as source texts for the Swedish ones. The only Swedish translation made directly from the Arabic, Professor Axel Moberg’s 400-page volume of selected stories (1928), comes closest to the original, but his translation covers only a small part of the entire work, and Moberg, too, deviates intentionally from the Arabic text in his treatment of poetry, saj‘ (rhymed prose) and sexually outspoken passages.
Spending time with a romantic partner by going on dates is important for promoting closeness in established relationships; however, not all date nights are created equally, and some people might be ...more adept at planning dates that promote closeness. Drawing from the self-expansion model and relationship goals literature, we predicted that people higher (vs. lower) in approach relationship goals would be more likely to plan dates that are more exciting and, in turn, experience more self-expansion from the date and increased closeness with the partner. In Study 1, people in intimate relationships planned a date to initiate with their partners and forecasted the expected level of self-expansion and closeness from engaging in the date. In Study 2, a similar design was employed, but we also followed up with participants 1 week later to ask about the experience of engaging in their planned dates (e.g., self-expansion, closeness from the date). Taken together, the results suggest that people with higher (vs. lower) approach relationship goals derive more closeness from their dates, in part, because of their greater aptitude for planning dates that are more exciting and promote self-expansion.
Global climate change has been increasingly recognized as one of the most significant threats to global health, including mental health. Although many studies have explored the link between mental ...health problems and climate change, the findings are inconclusive, especially regarding the effect on depressive disorders. A possible limitation is the lack of comprehensive assessment of climate change.
This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of temperature-related consequences of climate change (including changes in average temperature, temperature variability, heat waves, cold spells, and hot nights) on depressive disorders among middle-aged and older people who are more vulnerable to climate change because of their reduced thermoregulation capacity with aging. Our findings suggest that both hot nights and cold spells significantly exacerbate depressive disorders (hot nights: Excess Risk (ER) = 9.60% (95%CI: 1.59%, 18.24%); cold spells: ER = 3.63% (95%CI: 0.77%, 6.57%)). However, we did not find sufficient evidence to support the effect of average temperature, temperature variability, and heat waves on depressive disorders among middle-aged and older people in China. To conclude, depressive disorders was sensitive to extreme hot at night and cold. The government should propose some measures to mitigate the impact of extreme temperature events, such as launching campaigns to promote air conditioning in rural areas where the penetration rate of air conditioning is low.
•A generalized additive model based on a difference-in-difference model was used.•Multiple sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our results.•Hot nights and cold spells exacerbate depressive disorders.•Cold spells increase depressive disorders' risk in warm temperate zone residents.•Hot nights-depressive disorders association is stronger in the subtropics.
Some studies have suggested that variations in the seasonal cycle of temperature and season onset could affect the efficiency in the use of radiation by plants, which would then affect yield. ...However, the study of the temporal variation in extreme climatic variables is not sufficient in China. Using seasonal trend analysis (STA), this article evaluates the distribution of extreme temperature seasonality trends in mainland China, describes the trends in the seasonal cycle, and detects changes in extreme temperature characterized by the number of hot days (HD) and frost days (FD), the frequency of warm days (TX90p), cold days (TX10p), warm nights (TN90p), and cold nights (TN10p). The results show a statistically significant positive trend in the annual average amplitudes of extreme temperatures. The amplitude and phase of the annual cycle experience less variation than that of the annual average amplitude for extreme temperatures. The phase of the annual cycle in maximum temperature mainly shows a significant negative trend, accounting for approximately 30% of the total area of China, which is distributed across the regions except for northeast and southwest. The amplitude of the annual cycle indicates that the minimum temperature underwent slightly greater variation than the maximum temperature, and its distribution has a spatial characteristic that is almost bounded by the 400 mm isohyet, increasing in the northwest and decreasing in the southeast. In terms of the extreme air temperature indices, HD, TX90p, and TN90p show an increasing trend, FD, TX10p, and TN10p show a decreasing trend. They are statistically significant (p < 0.05). This number of days also suggests that temperature has increased over mainland China in the past 42 years.
One of the new forms of prose fiction that emerged in the eighteenth century was the first-person narrative told by things such as coins, coaches, clothes, animals, or insects. This is an ambitious ...new account of the context in which these "it narratives" became so popular. What does it mean when property declares independence of its owners and begins to move and speak? Jonathan Lamb addresses this and many other questions as he advances a new interpretation of these odd tales, from Defoe, Pope, Swift, Gay, and Sterne, to advertisements, still life paintings, and South Seas journals. Lamb emphasizes the subversive and even nonsensical quality of what things say; their interests are so radically different from ours that we either destroy or worship them. Existing outside systems of exchange and the priorities of civil society, things in fact advertise the dissident obscurity common to slave narratives all the way from Aesop and Phaedrus to Frederick Douglass and Primo Levi, a way of meaning only what is said, never saying what is meant. This is what Defoe's Roxana calls "the Sense of Things, " and it is found in sounds, substances, and images rather than conventional signs.This major work illuminates not only "it narratives, " but also eighteenth-century literature, the rise of the novel, and the genealogy of the slave narrative.
Our foremost theorist of myth, fairytale, and folktale explores the magical realm of the imagination where carpets fly and genies grant prophetic wishes. Stranger Magic examines the profound impact ...of the Arabian Nights on the West, the progressive exoticization of magic, and the growing acceptance of myth and magic in contemporary experience.
Introduction
In young healthy adults, phase-locked acoustic stimulation (PLAS) during slow wave sleep (SWS) can boost over-night episodic memory consolidation. In older adults, evidence is scarce and ...available results are inconsistent, pointing toward reduced PLAS-effectiveness. We argue that multiple stimulation nights are required for effects to unfold in older individuals to compensate for age-related reductions in both SWS and memory performance. We test this assumption in a longitudinal within-subject design.
Methods
In a larger previous project, older adults participated in a three-night intervention receiving either real-PLAS (STIM group) or sham-PLAS (SHAM group). Encoding and immediate recall of face-occupation pairs was administered on the evening of the first intervention night (session one), with feedback-based retrievals ensuing on all following mornings and evenings across the intervention. To test for the benefit of the real-PLAS over sham-PLAS intervention within participants, 16 older adults age
mean
: 68.9 (SD: 3.7) were re-invited receiving the real-PLAS intervention exclusively. This resulted in a SHAMSTIM group (
n
= 9; T1: sham-PLAS intervention, T2: real-PLAS intervention) and a STIMSTIM group (
n
= 7; T1 and T2: real-PLAS intervention).
Results
While the STIMSTIM group exhibited highly similar responses during T1 and T2, the SHAMSTIM group exhibited a significantly higher increase in memory performance at T2 (real-PLAS) compared to T1 (sham-PLAS). These gains can be attributed to the late stages of the experiment, after three nights of real-PLAS, and remained stable when correcting for changes in baseline sleep quality (PSQI) and baseline cognitive ability (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) between T1 and T2.
Conclusions
We show that in older adults, PLAS-induced memory effects are delayed and manifest over the course of a three-night-PLAS intervention. Our results might explain the lack of effects in previous PLAS studies, where memory performance was solely assessed after a single night of PLAS.
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