Desde la socioepistemología, el escrito presenta una “epistemología de prácticas” que permitió el estudio de la medición de las bases rectangulares de templos antiguos. Tiene por objetivo analizar la ...estructura metrológica de tres de ellos, construídos entre los años 1000 a.C., y el principio de la era cristiana situados en diferentes espacios geopolíticos. Los resultados destacan cuatro características aritméticas con las cuales se diseñaron y edificaron los edificios, en las que está de por medio el concepto de razón entre magnitudes de longitud, área y volumen de cada templo. Las cuatro características forman parte de la función normativa que regula las actividades de construcción.
From socioepistemology, the paper presents an "epistemology of practices" that allowed the study of the measurement of the rectangular bases of ancient temples. Its objective is to analyze the metrological structure of three of them, built between 1000 BC and the beginning of the Christian era, located in different geopolitical spaces. The results highlight four arithmetic characteristics with which the buildings were designed and built, in which the concept of ratio between magnitudes of length, area and volume of each temple is involved. The four characteristics are part of the normative function that regulates construction activities.
A partir da socio epistemologia, a escrita apresenta uma “epistemologia das práticas” que permitiu o estudo da medição das bases retangulares de templos antigos. Seu objetivo é analisar a estrutura metrológica de três delas, construídas entre 1000 aC e o início da era cristã localizadas em diferentes espaços geopolíticos. Os resultados destacam quatro características aritméticas com as quais os edifícios foram projetados e construídos, nas quais está envolvido o conceito da razão entre magnitudes de comprimento, área e volume de cada templo. Todas as quatro características fazem parte da função normativo que regula as atividades de construção.
A partir de la socio-épistémologie, l’écrit présente une « épistémologie des pratiques » qui a permis l’étude de la mesure des bases rectangulaires des temples antiques. Son objectif est d’analyser la structure métrologique de trois d’entre elles, construites entre 1000 avant JC et le début de l’ère chrétienne situées dans différents espaces géopolitiques. Les résultats mettent en évidence quatre caractéristiques arithmétiques avec lesquelles les bâtiments ont été conçus et construits, dans lesquelles le concept du rapport entre les grandeurs de longueur, de superficie et de volume de chaque temple est impliqué. Les quatre caractéristiques font partie de la fonction normative qui régule les activités de construction.
Nazi Dönemi (1933-1945), kitlesel propaganda ve kitlesel yönlendirme faaliyetleri bakımından çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Söz konusu faaliyetlerin ideolojik arka planı önemli ölçüde, başta Adolf Hitler ...olmak üzere Nazi ideologların yaratmış olduğu “siyasi sözde-mitler” üzerine kurgulanmaktadır. Kanımızca Roland Barthes’ın modern zamanların simgesel araçları için kullandığı “çağdaş söylenler” terimi, Nazi ideolojisinin ürettiği yapay mitoloji için de geçerlilik kazanmaktadır. Nazi ideologları kendilerine ait olmayan eski mitleri söylemlerine dâhil etmekten geri durmamışlardır. Benimsedikleri böyle bir tutum Hans Blumenberg’in Arbeit am Mythos Mitlerin İşlenişi başlıklı yapıtında “mitlerin işlenişi” terimine, bir söylem biçimi olarak yüklendikleri role (işleve) açıklık kazandırmaktadır. Batı kültürü için “temel bir mit” olarak görülen Prometheus mitine odaklanıp otantik bir Antik Yunan mitinin daha sonraki Avrupa kültüründeki çeşitlemeleri (bir başka anlatımla eş metinleri) yaratılmıştır. Nazi söylemi benzer bir mantıkla Prometheus miti yerine benzer bir yönelimle Siegfried mitine gönderme yapar. Öyleyse bu çalışmada, Cermen folklorunun ana unsurlarından birisi olan Siegfried mitine odaklanarak bu mitin Nazi ideolojisi tarafından nasıl “işlendiğini”, bir başka anlatımla yeni bir bağlamda dönüştürülüp siyasal bir söylemde araçsallaştırıldığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktayız. Bu türden bir sorgulama mitin kimi yerleşik tanımlarının ve işlevlerinin anımsatılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla ilk aşamada “mit” kavramına ilişkin kimi genel tanımlamalara değinerek her mitolojinin şu ya da bu biçimde, sonraki dönemlerde yenidenyazıldığını, şu ya da bu söylemin bir parçası yapıldığını, sözlü ya da yazılı aktarım yoluyla mevcudiyet kazandığını, bir başka anlatımla güncellendiğini, yani biçimi ve içeriğiyle basmakalıplaşan eski bir mitolojik anlatının “işlem” görmüş bir biçimi olduğunu vurgulayacağız. Bu tanımlamalar, Aktulum, İmgelem Çözümlemesine Giriş kitabında ele aldığı Gilbert Durand’ın mit çözümlemesi bağlamında dile getirdiği gibi, “işlem” görmemiş, “saf” ya da “aslî”, bir başka anlatımla dönüşüme uğramayan bir mitin bulunmadığına dikkat çekmeye de yöneliktir. İşte bu yolla, Nazi ideologları kendi dönemlerinde hazır buldukları, bir dönemden ötekine süregelen mitolojik içeriğin kendi propaganda söylemlerindeki payını göz önünde bulundurmanın etkili bir yol olduğuna, dolayısıyla ideolojik söylemlerinde mitsel gereci kullanmanın gerekliliğine inanmışlardır ve söylemlerinde bunu temellendirmeye çalışmışlardır. Buna göre, kuramsal belirlemenin bir gereği olarak ilk aşamada ideologların hazır buldukları Siegfried mitinin, Alman kültüründe sahip olduğu anlamının üzerinde durulması kaçınılmazdır. Göreceğimiz gibi Siegfried miti birkaç “işlem”den geçmiş, biçimsel olduğu kadar anlamsal bir dönüşüme uğratılmıştır. Örneğin ideologların mitsel söylemlerinin ilk durağı 13. yüzyılda yazılmış olan Nibelungen destanıdır. Siegfried miti, Orta Yüksek Almanca’da yazılmış bu metinde feodal kültürün süzgecinden geçirilmiştir. Nazi ideologlarının benimsediklerin mitsel içerikli söylemin alt-metni söz konusu bu destandır. İkinci durak, Cermen mitolojisinin 1800 civarında yeniden doğuşunu sağlayan Alman Romantiklerinin işlemleridir; yani Siegfried miti Alman romantikleri için bir ‘milli şuur’ arayışını temsil etmektedir. Üçüncü önemli aşama, Richard Wagner ve onun görüşlerini paylaşan Nietzsche’nin Siegfried tasavvurudur (19. yüzyılın son çey-reği). Richard Wagner, bu miti bir Alman kimliği simgesine dönüştürür. Nietzsche de bu doğrultuda mitten yararlanır. Benzer biçimde, Nazi ideologları (dolayısıyla baş ideolog Adolf Hitler) Siegfried mitini bilinçli bir biçimde saptırarak onu, kitleleri yönlendimek amacıyla araçsallaştırmışlardır. Nazi ideolojisinde, Siegfried figürünün ihanete uğrayıp öldürülmesiyle Alman İmparatorluğu’nun Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nı (sözde arkadan hançerlenip) kaybetmesi arasında bir koşutluk kurulmaktadır. Naziler folklorik bir unsuru kendi söylemlerine yedirirken Siegfried’in mitolojik yazgısıyla kendi gerçek koşulları arasında koşutluklar kurarlar. Bu çalışmada eski bir mitolojik öykünün ideolojik bir bağlamda nasıl dönüştürülerek araçlaştırıldığı izleksel bir perspektifte çözümlenecektir.
The Nazi Era (1933-1945) varied in terms of mass propaganda and mass manipulation activities. The ideological background of these activities is largely based on the "political pseudo-myths" created by Nazi ideologues, especially Adolf Hitler. In our opinion, the term "contemporary myths" used by Roland Barthes for the symbolic tools of modern times is also valid for the artificial mythology produced by the Nazi ideology. Nazi ideologues did not hesitate to include old myths that did not belong to them. Such an attitude they adopt clarifies the term "working of myths", the role (function) they have assumed as a form of discourse in Hans Blumenberg's work titled Arbeit am Mythos. Focusing on the myth of Prometheus, which is seen as a "fundamental myth" for Western culture, later European cultural variants (i.e. co-texts) of an authentic Ancient Greek myth were created. With a similar logic, the Nazi discourse refers to the Siegfried myth with a similar orientation instead of the Prometheus myth. So, in this study, we aim to focus on the Siegfried myth, one of the main elements of Germanic folklore, to reveal how this myth was "processed" by the Nazi ideology, in other words, it was transformed in a new context and instrumentalized in a political discourse. Such an interrogation necessitates recalling some established definitions and functions of myth. Therefore, at the first stage, by referring to some general definitions of the concept of "myth", each mythology was rewritten in one way or another in later periods, made a part of this or that discourse, gained existence through oral or written transmission, updated in another way, that is, its form and we will emphasize that it is a "processed" form of an old mythological narrative that has become stereotyped with its content. These definitions are also intended to draw attention to the fact that there is no myth that has not been "processed", "pure" or "original", in other words, not transformed, as Gilbert Durand, which Kubilay Aktulum discussed in his book İmgelem Çözümlemesine Giriş, expressed in the context of myth analysis. In this way, Nazi ideologists believed that it was an effective way to consider the share of the mythological content that they found ready in their own time and that continued from one period to another in their propaganda discourse, and therefore they believed that it was necessary to use mythical material in their ideological discourses, and they tried to justify this in their discourses. Accordingly, as a requirement of the theoretical determination, it is inevitable to focus on the meaning of the Siegfried myth, which ideologists found ready at the first stage, in German culture. As we shall see, the myth of Siegfried has undergone several 'processes', undergoing a semantic as well as formal transformation. For example, the first stop of the mythical discourses of ideologues is the Nibelungen epic written in the 13th century. The myth of Siegfried was filtered through the feudal culture in this text written in Middle High German. The sub-text of the mythical discourse adopted by the Nazi ideologues is this epic. The second stop is the operations of the German Romantics, who brought about the rebirth of Germanic mythology around 1800; that is, the myth of Siegfried represents the search for a 'national consciousness' for the German romantics. The third important stage is Richard Wagner and Nietzsche's vision of Siegfried (last quarter of the 19th century), which shares his views. Richard Wagner transforms this myth into a symbol of German identity. Nietzsche also makes use of myth in this direction. Similarly, Nazi ideologues (hence the chief ideologue Adolf Hitler) deliberately distorted the Siegfried myth and instrumentalized it in order to manipulate the masses. In Nazi ideology, a parallel is drawn between the betrayal and murder of the figure of Siegfried and the German Empire's defeat (allegedly stabbed in the back) of the First World War. While the Nazis infuse a folklore element into their discourse, they draw parallels between Siegfried's mythological destiny and their own real conditions. In this study, how an old mythological story is transformed and instrumentalized in an ideological context will be analyzed in a thematic perspective.
The Interactivist Model Bickhard, Mark H.
Synthese (Dordrecht),
02/2009, Letnik:
166, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A shift from a metaphysical framework of substance to one of process enables an integrated account of the emergence of normative phenomena. I show how substance assumptions block genuine ontological ...emergence, especially the emergence of normativity, and how a process framework permits a thermodynamic-based account of normative emergence. The focus is on two foundational forms of normativity, that of normative function and of representation as emergent in a particular kind of function. This process model of representation, called interactivism, compels changes in many related domains. The discussion ends with brief attention to three domains in which changes are induced by the representational model: perception, learning, and language.
This paper introduces a non-linguistic theory of norms. The proposal is motivated jointly by Jørgensen’s dilemma and Black’s objection to the better-known linguistic theories of norms. The argument ...is structured as follows. The author starts by defining deontic sentence and deontic system. He then applies Kripke’s possible world semantics to the analysis of deontic language, before he presents the above-mentioned motivations for conceiving of norms as non-linguistic entities. One such conception is defended in the second half of the paper, where norms are identified with decisions of some normative authority. The author shows how this notion of norm serves both, an intuitive and a formal analysis of normative regulation. Together with the notion of normative function as its formal counterpart, this notion of norm permits one to explain logical relations between deontic sentences with no need to recur to any special semantics or logic of norms. | This is a corrected reprint of the text originally published in Reports on Philosophy 6 (1982): 65–73.
Assessment systems of students’ academic achievement and their educational outcomesare the object of the study. The comparison of the different assessment systems is performed on the basis of the ...analysis of their efficiency as a tool of control and assessment of educational outcomes, which carries out a normative, informative and diagnostic function, as well as a control and incentive function during the educational process in higher education.
Normative powers of Serbian local authorities Jerinić, Jelena; Milosavljević, Bogoljub
Pravni zapisi : časopis Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta Union u Beogradu,
2019, Letnik:
10, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Authors analyse Serbian legislation in respect of regulatory autonomy of local governments, i.e. the authorisation of different local government bodies to pass ordinance and bylaws in realisation of ...local competences. The analysis is based on the provisions of the Serbian constitution and relevant legislation, as well as on the case law of the Serbian Constitutional Court, and interpretation of relevant principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. They conclude that local assemblies, as local representative bodies, are the only ones generally empowered to pass bylaws in the areas of own competence of local governments and that other bodies, namely the local executive council can do so only in existence explicit delegation in law - either the Law on Local Self-Government or other law. The authors have found only two such examples, while the case law of the Constitution show ample proof of bylaws passed by the local executive and administration without specific authorisation in the law. The most common are cases in which local assemblies entrusted other local government bodies in passing bylaws in issues in local competence, as well as cases in which executive bodies or the local administration attempted to fill in the gaps in the existing local regulations, by passing general acts, when the matter should have been regulated by the local assembly. In that view, the authors recommend even further clarification of the current norms of the Law on Local Self-Government and, in the future, possibly the Constitution.
This chapter explores the evolving roles of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and its reforms from the 2007 Independent External Evaluation until the arrival of ...Director-General Qu Dongyu. The chapter outlines how FAO’s adoption of a strategic framework and matrix management enabled it to meet the goals it has adopted for itself, toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG2 (zero hunger). It is a substantially expanded but necessary agenda. FAO has made considerable progress in its vision and strategy and laid the groundwork with a framework to be accountable for results. The chapter identifies four issues for FAO going forward. The first is the old debate on the balance between FAO’s normative, public goods function and the embrace of SDGs to help member countries advance them. Second, matrix management is a challenge that is by no means unique to FAO. Third, a big challenge is increasing resources in the context of FAO’s assessed contributions. Finally, the chapter makes a case for establishing FAO as a center of excellence to achieve a transformative, sustainable food system and to address its global public goods and SDGs functions, supported by predictable funds to be accorded to FAO, well beyond its current level of assessed and voluntary contributions, with expected transparency in the use of resources.
This paper starts with Levi-Strauss’s semantic concept that consists of oblivion, misunderstanding, indiscretion and nostalgia. Through his analysis of North American and Greek myths, Levi-Strauss ...concluded that “semantic filed of oblivion” has an important meaning especially in the construction of particular rules and rituals; or, in other words, it has an important part in the introduction of culture to the nature of cognitive and social processes. After the introduction of concept Structure of disturbed communication and some corrections to the Levi-Strauss’s concept, I start with the proposition that the period of transition represents unstable and ‘slippery’ time in which society negotiates different meanings. That is the time when different styles of thoughts, represented by different and powerful groups that have an impact on current social, political and ideological processes, compete with each other fighting for supremacy. Their field of communication can be seen as a field of “disturbed communication”, which in the final instance has a normative function: to reinforce and regulate certain attitudes, ideas and knowledge. This is achieved through the narratives which symbolise a community of newly established order in the moment of its supposed socio-historical stabilisation. Finally, combining two different theoretical models – Levi-Strauss’s one described above with Greimas’s ideas about structures of modes of veridiction, this paper predicts chances of particular paradigmatic forms of thought in transitory Serbia to became dominant modes of thought, despite of their current low visibility in the public sphere. In mythical terms, it seems though that their domineering efforts are predetermined to success or fail, since they position themselves according to the laws immanent to these structures themselves, which on their part a priori position these structures as powerful or powerless, influential or non-influential communities of thought.
This study conducted PAC analysis for mothers with young children and examined the function of a "Child-Rearing Network". The results of four cases verified three functions: a supportive, a normative ...and a comparative function. These functions didn't coexist in each individual ; however one stood out as a dominant type. Mothers described their positive feelings toward helping each other in the support function, their negative feelings against following norms in the normative function, and their feelings of self-distance and conflicts in comparing themselves with others in the comparative function. The result suggests an important clue to how the members of a "Child-Rearing Network" can affect mothers and how mothers themselves should make use of the network.
PDF
