Zero verdict is a criminal sentence imposed on a person who has received a maximum sentence but must be retried due to certain cases so that the criminal sentence given is zero or the maximum limit. ...Nil verdicts are still rarely known by the Indonesian people. The question in the community is why judges do not add punishment to criminal offenders who have been proven legally guilty of committing a criminal offense, in essence. Nil verdict is explicitly contained in the concept of concursus realis based on Article 67 of the Criminal Code that imposing the death penalty in such a way does not receive additional punishment if other criminal offenses are found at any time. The research method used is normative juridical, conducted by studying, viewing, and examining legal regulations such as the Criminal Code and Circular Letter Number 1 of 2022 concerning the Enforcement of the Formulation of the Results of the Plenary Meeting of the Supreme Court Chamber in 2022. The results showed that a nil verdict is very appropriate to be applied to defendants whose verdicts are sentenced to death, such as the cases of Muhammad Natsir and Heru Hidayat, so if there are other cases, they must be sentenced to Nil. This makes the Defendant previously sentenced to imprisonment for 20 years, not increase to life. Another problem is the lack of inter-court administration integration, resulting in overlapping criminal sanctions and exceeding 20 years. The absorption principle in concursus realis is sharpened. It is necessary to review the level between legally binding crimes and crimes that have just been revealed based on higher criminal threats so that the application of zero verdicts achieves the principles of legal certainty, Justice, and practicality. In this research, the author focuses on developing knowledge about zero verdicts that ordinary people can understand.
Let G = (V, E) be a simple graph with n vertices and m edges. ν(G) and c(G) = m − n + θ be the matching number and cyclomatic number of G, where θ is the number of connected components of G, ...respectively. Wang and Wong in
provided formulae for the upper and the lower bounds of the nullity η(G) of G as η(G) = n − 2ν(G) + 2c(G) and η(G) = n − 2ν(G) − c(G), respectively. In this paper, we restate the upper and the lower bounds of nullity η(G) of G utilizing omega invariant and inherently vertex degrees of G. Also, in the case of the maximal and the minimal nullity conditions are satisfied for G, we present both two main inequalities and many inequalities in terms of Omega invariant, analogously cyclomatic number, number of connected components and vertex degrees of G.
Bankruptcy judgment has the greatest effect on the trader's transactions before and after the date of stop of payment, Article 423 of the Commercial Code adopted in 1311 has annulled the legal ...actions of the trader in case of reduction or restriction of his property. The basis for the invalidity of these legal acts after the date of cessation is the prohibition of the trader from making a transaction with the intention of evading the payment of creditors' debts, which is rooted in public order. According to the provisions of the Bankruptcy Law in Articles 418, 423, and 557 of the Commercial Code and the legal doctrine and jurisprudence, it can be found that some transactions of the trader after the date of cessation are relatively void; That is, the transaction between the two parties is valid; But it cannot be relied on against creditors and can be revoked. Others, as mentioned in Article 557 of the Commercial Code, are absolutely invalid. In this article, while explaining the rules for recognizing relative and absolute invalidity in the transactions of a bankrupt trader and the different dimensions of these rules, the consequences of each of these institutions in relation to the trader with the parties to the transaction and their relationship with creditors are tried. In particular, third parties should be investigated during and after the liquidation, and the effect of the invalidity of the transactions of the bankrupt trader shall be considered limited to both parties to the contract and the third party shall be protected from the adverse effects of these transactions in good faith.
Objetivo: El presente artículo de investigación busca indagar cuál ha sido el rol que los estudios de abogados cumplieron en la presentación de recursos de nulidad que tuvieron por finalidad anular ...los resultados de la segunda vuelta electoral nacional promovidas por el partido político Fuerza Popular. Desde un aspecto teórico se realiza un análisis de las principales investigaciones socio-jurídicas e interdisciplinarias sobre la profesión legal y de los principales marcos teóricos que justifican su estudio e impacto en el campo jurídico, resaltando su relación con el estado de derecho y la democracia en contextos de polarización política. Método: En el plano metodológico a través del análisis de discurso y contenidos, así como de las técnicas de framing de la cobertura mediática realizada por los medios de comunicación, se evalúa las implicancias políticas y sociales de la presentación de los recursos de nulidad elaborados por los estudios de abogados. Resultados: Producto del análisis realizado, se observa que la presentación de recursos de nulidad formulados por el Partido Fuerza Popular tuvo la participación de estudios de abogados, quienes diseñaron una estrategia legal a efectos de cuestionar los resultados de las elecciones nacionales, asumiendo una participación no solo meramente técnica, sino ante todo política. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la participación de los estudios de abogados no puede ser entendida como una intervención meramente técnica, debido a que la impugnación de resultados electorales y el desconocimiento de la victoria de la candidatura ganadora constituye una afectación a la calidad democrática que atenta contra el estado de derecho y la institucionalidad política y legal del país.
Let G be a connected graph with n(G) vertices and e(G) edges. The nullity of G, denoted by η(G), is the multiplicity of eigenvalue zero of the adjacency matrix of G. Ma, Wong and Tian (2016) proved ...that η(G)≤2c(G)+p(G)−1 unless G is a cycle of order a multiple of 4, where c(G)=e(G)−n(G)+1 is the elementary cyclic number of G and p(G) is the number of leaves of G. Recently, Chang, Chang and Zheng (2020) characterized the leaf-free graphs with nullity 2c(G)−1, thus leaving the problem to characterize connected graphs G with nullity2c(G)+p(G)−1whenp(G)≠0. In this paper, we solve this problem completely.
El incidente de nulidad de actuaciones Rodríguez-Zapata Pérez, Jorge
Anuario iberoamericano de justicia constitucional,
01/2021, Letnik:
25, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un estudio crítico del incidente de nulidad de actuaciones establecido en el art. 241 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial y en el art. 228 de la Ley de ...Enjuiciamiento Civil al objeto de plantear un balance de su efectividad.
The spark of a matrix is the smallest number of nonzero coordinates of any nonzero null vector. For real symmetric matrices, the sparsity of null vectors is shown to be associated with the structure ...of the graph obtained from the off-diagonal pattern of zero and nonzero entries. The smallest possible spark of a matrix corresponding to a graph is defined as the spark of the graph. Connections are established between graph spark and well-known concepts including minimum rank, forts, orthogonal representations, Parter and Fiedler vertices, and vertex connectivity.
Misunderstanding of reality and belief that something is right, wrong or vice versa is called mistake. Understanding the concept of wrong is not possible simply, because the meaning of right and ...wrong is relative and temporary. However, what as a mistake requires the performance guarantee, is the event that the belief of the contracting party is not in accordance with the reality. As a result, the mistake in the legal system of Iran and France distorts the will, not the subject of the contract. In Iranian Law, a mistake is sometimes a flaw in the intention and sometimes a flaw in the intention. Based on this, the performance guarantee considered by the legislator is null and void, respectively and in other cases, according to the principle of firmness of contracts, no executive guarantee has been considered for it. In French Law, it sometimes invalidates the will and sometimes impairs it, and in other cases it does not affect the validity of the contract; Based on this, mistakes are divided into obstacles, effective and ineffective, and the guarantee of its implementation is absolute, relative, and in some cases, creating the right of cancellation; An ineffective mistake does not disrupt the contract. The purpose of this article is to explain the nature and position of the mistake by applying the descriptive-analytical method and with a comparative look at the French legal system, and to study its effects in order to provide a suitable solution to solve complex problems that usually occupy the courts of law.
Let (a)=a0,a1,a2,… be a sequence over any finite field F with a0=0. For each positive integer n, let An be the associated n×n skew-symmetric Toeplitz ...matrixa0a1a2a3⋯an−1−a1a0a1a2⋯an−2−a2−a1a0a1⋯an−3⋮⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮−an−1−an−2−an−3……a0. If the sequence is eventually periodic but not mirror periodic, then the nullity sequence {νn=null(An):n∈N} is also eventually periodic, where νn=null(An) is the nullity of the matrix An. For s a certain multiple of the period of the nullity sequence, a recursion formula produces the vectors in ker(An+qs) from those in ker(An), for n sufficiently large and for non-negative integers q.
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