The Oak Ridges Moraine battles Sandberg, L. Anders; Wekerle, Gerda R; Gilbert, Liette
The Oak Ridges Moraine battles,
c2013, 2013, 2013-06-17
eBook
"The Oak Ridges Moraine is a unique landform that generated heated battles over the future of nature conservation, sprawl, and development in the Toronto region at the turn of the twenty-first ...century. This book provides a careful, multi-faceted history and policy analysis of planning issues and citizen activism on the Moraine's future in the face of rapid urban expansion. The Oak Ridges Moraine Battles captures the hidden aspects of a story that received a great deal of attention in the local and national news, and that ultimately led to provincial legislation aimed at protecting the Moraine and Ontario's Greenbelt. By giving voice to a range of actors - residents, activists, civil servants, scientists, developers and aggregate and other resource users, the book demonstrates how space on the urban periphery was reshaped in the Toronto region. The authors ask hard questions about who is included and excluded when the preservation of nature challenges the relentless process of urbanization." --pub. desc.
Longing for the Bombtraces the unusual story of the first atomic city and the emergence of American nuclear culture. Tucked into the folds of Appalachia and kept off all commercial maps, Oak Ridge, ...Tennessee, was created for the Manhattan Project by the U.S. government in the 1940s. Its workers labored at a breakneck pace, most aware only that their jobs were helping "the war effort." The city has experienced the entire lifespan of the Atomic Age, from the fevered wartime enrichment of the uranium that fueled Little Boy, through a brief period of atomic utopianism after World War II when it began to brand itself as "The Atomic City," to the anxieties of the Cold War, to the contradictory contemporary period of nuclear unease and atomic nostalgia. Oak Ridge's story deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between America and its bombs.Blending historiography and ethnography, Lindsey Freeman shows how a once-secret city is visibly caught in an uncertain present, no longer what it was historically yet still clinging to the hope of a nuclear future. It is a place where history, memory, and myth compete and conspire to tell the story of America's atomic past and to explain the nuclear present.
Wine aging is a desirable and valuable process, commonly used to improve wine quality, and traditionally carried out in oak wooden casks. The correct use of oak barrels and the ever-increasing demand ...for barrels in the different production areas of the world has led to a constant search for technological alternatives to reproduce the chemical and physical processes undergone by wines during their stay in barrels.
The aim of this Special Issue is to publish a compilation of original research and revision works that cover different aspects of the ageing processes of wine in casks and other alternative systems that reproduce, with different technologies, the transformations that take place in the barrel.
Important aspects to be addressed are:
the type of technological solutions that exist for wine aging
the impact of these new technologies on the final product
comparison of the effect of emerging and traditional technologies on the wine aged
differentiation of wines undergoing different systems to avoid fraud
characterization of the new materials used in barrel production
accelerated aging of wines with wood and oxygen
Although forest areas have been growing in Europe, some forest types have been declining regionally. Since the 1980 s, there have been reports of defoliation and mortality in evergreen oak woodlands ...of the Iberian Peninsula. However, long-term and large-scale trends of Iberian oak decline are still poorly understood. We quantified trends in canopy cover for cork oak (
Quercus suber
) and holm oak (
Q. rotundifolia
) woodlands in mainland Portugal for a 50 year period (1965 to 2015). We considered loss of canopy cover a proxy of forest degradation and asked how it changed over time, in association with human activity and climate. Between 1965 and 2015, both cork oak and holm oak canopy cover showed declining trends (57.9% and 71.1% of sampling points, respectively). Canopy cover dynamics, however, differed across time. Between 1965 and 1990, canopy cover gains (over 35% of sampling points) prevailed over losses (under 20%), with larger differences for cork oak than holm oak. Between 1990 and 2015, canopy cover losses (over 70% of sampling points) were much higher than gains (under 9%). Oak canopy cover decrease was associated with flatter areas (usually having more intensive land use) for both oak species, higher cattle numbers (holm oak only) and higher mean temperature (cork oak only). Contrastingly, loss of holm oak canopy cover seems to have occurred in less hot and dry regions that enable more intensive land uses. Active restoration is urgently needed to reverse the current decline in canopy cover in Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands.
Oak (Quercus) species are a major component of much of the eastern forest. Unfortunately, multiple species have experienced well-documented episodes of decline and mortality over the past century. A ...mortality event in chestnut oak (Q. prinus) across southern Indiana in 2016 sparked concern about the health of chestnut oak, leading to an effort to identify factors that triggered and contributed to the event. We evaluated stand conditions, tested for the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi, and collected tree cores from chestnut oak trees within diseased stands and nearby healthy stands. We found no evidence that P. cinnamomi was associated with mortality. Instead, our dendrochronological analysis suggests that a series of dry June conditions followed by wet March conditions weakened vulnerable trees, allowing the exceptional drought in 2012 to incite decline. Greater basal area increment prior to growth decline, along with a higher probability of decline on mesic north-northeastern slopes, suggest that vulnerable individuals may have been those that preferentially allocated carbon into above ground growth at the expense of developing drought resilient root systems.
•Chestnut oak mortality in southern Indiana followed a drought-induced decline sequence incited by the drought of 2012.•Faster growing trees were more likely to die than slower growing trees.•More mesic sites saw proportionately greater rates of mortality.
This Atom Bomb in Me traces what it felt like to grow up suffused with American nuclear culture in and around the atomic city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. As a secret city during the Manhattan Project, ...Oak Ridge enriched the uranium that powered Little Boy, the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. The city was a major nuclear production site throughout the Cold War, adding something to each and every bomb in the United States arsenal. Even today, Oak Ridge contains the world's largest supply of fissionable uranium. The granddaughter of an atomic courier, Lindsey A. Freeman turns a critical yet nostalgic eye to the place where her family was sent as part of a covert government plan. Theirs was a city devoted to nuclear science within a larger America obsessed with its nuclear prowess. Through memories, mysterious photographs, and uncanny childhood toys, she shows how Reagan-era politics and nuclear culture irradiated the late twentieth century. Alternately tender and alarming, her book takes a Geiger counter to recent history, reading the half- life of the atomic past as it resonates in our tense nuclear present.
In this study, critical moisture contents and desiccation sensitivity of Quercus cerris (Turkey oak), Quercus petraea (Sessile oak), Quercus robur (Pedunculate oak) seeds were determined to see how ...desiccation affects acorn moisture content and germination behaviour. The moisture content of the harvested acorns was found to be 41% for Q. cerris, 46% for Q. petraea and 45% for Q. robur. The acorns were separated into sublots, sprayed with distilled water to reach their maximum moisture content and then left to dry for 18 days. There were statistically significant differences in germination as a function of desiccation time and decreasing moisture content. Initial germination was delayed. The highest moisture contents were 48% for Q. cerris, 51% for Q. petraea and 49% for Q. robur acorns. The highest water uptake was 17% in Q. cerris, 11% in Q. petraea and the lowest was 9% in Q. robur. The moisture content with a germination percentage below 50% was considered as the critical moisture content. In a period of 12-15 days after the beginning of the drying process, the acorns reached the critical moisture content. The germination percentage decreased from 83% to 43% for Q. cerris, from 100% to 44% for Q. petraea and from 97% to 43% for Q. robur as the moisture content decreased from the maximum to the critical moisture content. For Q. cerris, Q. petraea and Q. robur, the critical moisture contents at which acorns begin to lose viability were between 28-31%, 31-36% and 32-37%, respectively. The results of the present study provide guidance for nursery practices carried out on oak species, from acorn harvesting to seeding and post-seeding care.
U ovoj studiji, kritični sadržaj vlage i osjetljivost na isušivanje sjemena Quercus cerris (hrast turski), Quercus petraea (hrast kitnjak), Quercus robur (hrast lužnjak) određeni su kako bi se vidjelo kako isušivanje utječe na sadržaj vlage u žiru i ponašanje klijanja. Sadržaj vlage u ubranom žiru bio je 41% za Q. cerris, 46% za Q. petraea i 45% za Q. robur. Žirovi su razdvojeni u podgrupe, poprskani destiliranom vodom kako bi se postigao maksimalan sadržaj vlage i zatim ostavljeni da se suše 18 dana. Postojale su statistički značajne razlike u klijavosti u funkciji vremena sušenja i smanjenja sadržaja vlage. Početno klijanje je odgođeno. Najveći udio vlage bio je 48% za Q. cerris, 51% za Q. petraea i 49% za Q. robur žir. Najveći unos vode bio je 17% kod Q. cerris, 11% kod Q. petraea, a najmanji 9% kod Q. robur. Sadržaj vlage s postotkom klijavosti ispod 50% smatra se kritičnim sadržajem vlage. U razdoblju od 12-15 dana od početka procesa sušenja žir je dosegao kritičnu vlažnost. Postotak klijavosti se smanjio sa 83% na 43% za Q. cerris, sa 100% na 44% za Q. petraea i sa 97% na 43% za Q. robur kako se sadržaj vlage smanjio od maksimalnog do kritičnog sadržaja vlage. Za Q. cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur kritični sadržaji vlage pri kojima žir počinje gubiti održivost bili su između 28-31%, 31-36% odnosno 32-37%. Rezultati ove studije daju smjernice za rasadničke prakse koje se provode na vrstama hrasta, od berbe žira do sjetve i njege nakon sjetve.
In Mediterranean Europe and the United States, oak species (
spp.) have been in various states of decline for the past several decades. Several insect pests and pathogens contribute to this decline ...to varying degrees, including
,
spp., various insect defoliators, and, in the United States, the oak wilt pathogen
. More recently, two emerging canker pathogens,
and
, have been implicated in causing dieback and mortality of oak species in Europe and in several regions in the United States. In 2019, a fungal survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States, including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, to determine the range and impact of
and
on forest health in the United States. A total of 563 oak trees between red and white oak family members were evaluated across 33 forests spanning 18 counties. A total of 32
isolates encompassing three
spp. were recovered from 5,335 total plugs collected from the 13 of 18 sampled counties. Recovered
species included
,
, and
.
, as well as
, a closely related canker pathogen in the
. Both
and
.
were recovered from red and white oak family members, whereas
was exclusive to white oak family members and
to red oak family members. Of these species,
was most frequently isolated, followed by
,
.
, and
. Overall, mortality was low across all sampled counties, indicating that these fungi, at the levels that were detected, are not widely inciting oak decline across the region, but probably are acting opportunistically when the environment is conducive to disease. To better understand the relationships between
and potentially their geographic origins, a multigene phylogenetic study and corresponding morphological study were conducted. A total of 49
isolates from Spain, France, Italy, and the United States were assessed. Across all isolates and geographic regions,
formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade sister to
and included two strongly supported subclades, one that included isolates from Spain and California and a second that included isolates from Italy, Maryland, and West Virginia. Both subclades also exhibited overlapping spore measurements. These results support
as a cosmopolitan pathogen, native to both Europe and the United States, with the possibility of secondary introductions.
Twenty-four growing seasons after installation, five regeneration cuts and one understory control treatment were remeasured to assess long-term effects on stand composition and development in the ...Appalachian forest region of southwest Virginia. The six experimental treatments included understory control, group selection, high-retention shelterwood, low-retention shelterwood, leave-tree, and clearcut, plus a non-harvested control. Two-hectares of each treatment were replicated on three oak (Quercus) dominated sites in the ridge and valley physiographic province of southwestern Virginia in 1994 and 1995. Overall, results indicated the high-retention shelterwood treatment favored oak species and partially suppressed yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Among the overstory removal treatments, the clearcut treatments accrued the greatest aboveground biomass, partially due to the greater yellow poplar component. The clearcut also contained a relatively high importance values for oak species, but the prevalence of faster growing species within the clearcut suggests that intermediate treatments, such as crop tree release, could be necessary to retain the oak component. Overall, the high-retention shelterwood represents a balance to passively control post-harvest composition to favor an oak component while accruing biomass without intermediate oak release treatments.
•Phosphite spray enhanced the crown condition of unhealthy Quercus robur trees.•Treatments increased the N, P and Mg leaf contents and fine roots of trees.•Abundance and composition of edaphic and ...endophytic bacteria were not altered.•Phosphite treatments should be implemented with phosphate fertilization.
Forest decline induced by Phytophthora is a global phenomenon that affects many tree species. In central Europe, the health of Quercus robur has been declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors, since the 2000s. In drought-prone areas in the Mediterranean region, forests of Q. ilex show maintained tree mortality since the 1980s. The efficacy of potassium phosphite, applied as a foliar or trunk spray at a range of concentrations between 0 and 35%, was investigated over several years in four field trials with mature oaks. Specifically, Experiments 1 and 2, conducted on Q. robur in Poland indicated that aerial and trunk spray of 35% phosphite improved the crown condition of unhealthy trees. The efficacy of treatments was not dependant on the initial tree health condition, although its effects started earlier in trees that had lower crown transparency. Treatments did not alter the abundance and composition of edaphic and endophytic bacteria of trees. Moreover, aerial spray enhanced the N, P and Mg leaf content and induced the formation of fine roots without compromising the secondary growth of trees. In Experiment 3, conducted in Spain on Q. ilex, foliar spray did not improve the crown condition of trees. However, foliar spray of 0.56% phosphite induced twig growth in treated trees located on a southern exposure. Reduction of Phytophthora inoculum by the use phosphite was not observed. Our study provides the foundation for the development of a cost-effective management tool for Phytophthora in Europe and motivates future research into the optimization of treatments in Q. ilex and Q. robur.
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