News Framing Effects Lecheler, Sophie; de Vreese, Claes H.
2019, 20180903, 2018-09-03, 2018-08-23
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News Framing Effects is a guide to framing effects theory, one of the most prominent theories in media and communication science. Rooted in both psychology and sociology, framing effects theory ...describes the ability of news media to influence people’s attitudes and behaviors by subtle changes to how they report on an issue. The book gives expert commentary on this complex theoretical notion alongside practical instruction on how to apply it to research.
The book’s structure mirrors the steps a scholar might take to design a framing study. The first chapter establishes a working definition of news framing effects theory. The following chapters focus on how to identify the independent variable (i.e., the “news frame”) and the dependent variable (i.e., the “framing effect”). The book then considers the potential limits or enhancements of the proposed effects (i.e., the “moderators”) and how framing effects might emerge (i.e., the “mediators”). Finally, it asks how strong these effects are likely to be. The final chapter considers news framing research in the light of a rapidly and fundamentally changing news and information market, in which technologies, platforms, and changing consumption patterns are forcing assumptions at the core of framing effects theory to be re-evaluated.
Transparency is an oft-cited remedy for the public’s lack of confidence in the news media. Yet scant empirical evidence exists to support this claim. This article presents a test of the relationship ...between increased journalistic transparency and credibility evaluations of a news organization. Experimental results suggest that increasing transparency (by providing news consumers with information about why and how a story was written, details about the story’s author, etc.) leads to an increase in credibility evaluations and intentions to engage with news. These results hold across the three different article topics used in our experiment and regardless of the participants’ political ideology. Implications for news organizations and contributions to theory are discussed.
Among the great ironies of quantum mechanics is not only that its conceptual foundations seem strange even to the physicists who use it, but that philosophers have largely ignored it. Here, Bernard ...d'Espagnat argues that quantum physics--by casting doubts on once hallowed concepts such as space, material objects, and causality-demands serious reconsideration of most of traditional philosophy. On Physics and Philosophy is an accessible, mathematics-free reflection on the philosophical meaning of the quantum revolution, by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject. D'Espagnat presents an objective account of the main guiding principles of contemporary physics-in particular, quantum mechanics-followed by a look at just what consequences these should imply for philosophical thinking. The author begins by describing recent discoveries in quantum physics such as nonseparability, and explicating the significance of contemporary developments such as decoherence. Then he proceeds to set various philosophical theories of knowledge--such as materialism, realism, Kantism, and neo-Kantism--against the conceptual problems quantum theory raises. His overall conclusion is that while the physical implications of quantum theory suggest that scientific knowledge will never truly describe mind-independent reality, the notion of such an ultimate reality--one we can never access directly or rationally and which he calls "veiled reality"--remains conceptually necessary nonetheless.
تُسلّط الدّراسة الضوء على الموضوعية من خلال زاوية نظر مختلفة، وذلك بالبحث في الخلفية الفلسفية والنموذج المعرفي الكامن وراءها، بما يقتضيه ذلك من دراسة مختلف السياقات والحيثيات التي تمخّضت عنها، والتي ...منحتها كل هذا الزّخم الدّلالي والنّجاعة الإجرائية التي تتمتع بهما في الخطاب العلمي الراهن. الأمر الذي أكسبها شرعية راسخة في الوسط العلمي، إلى أن صارت مبدءًا معرفيًا، وتقليدًا بحثيا مؤطرًا لمجمل الممارسة العلمية والأعمال البحثية. وتتصدّى هذه الدراسة إلى إشكالٍ أساس مفاده التنقيب عن الأسس النظرية والقواعد المنهجية التي تنبني عليها الموضوعية، وبحث ما إذا كانت، كما تدّعي ذلك، محايدة ولا معيارية؛ وفقًا لما نادت به من ضرورة بناء علم خالٍ من قيم باسم الحياد العلمي والمهنية البحثية. أم أن الأمر لا يتجاوز مجردّ الادعاء. وتفترض الدراسة أن مفهوم الموضوعية، هو في مبتدئه مفهوم "غير موضوعي" حابل بالتحيّزات للنموذج الإرشادي الوضعي، ومخترق بأيديولوجية العالمانية. ولتحقيق هذا الغرض، تلزم الموضوعية الباحثين بالتعاطي مع موضوعاتهم الإنسانية والاجتماعية بوصفها أشياء مسلوبة سالبة (تشييء الظواهر الإنسانية والاجتماعية). كما تقودهم، بالتبع، نحو التخلّص من كل ما هو تحيز، أو إيمان، أو تفضيل، أو اختيار؛ فيُسوّى بذلك الباحث بالمبحوث بمادة الطبيعية. تعالج الدراسة الموضوع من خلال محورين: الأول يدرس حيثيات ودلالات وتوجيهات الموضوعية، من خلال التطرق لأهم المضامين المعرفية والمنهجية في علاقتها بسياق النشأة والتطور التي تشكلت خلالهما الهوية المفهومية للموضوعية؛ والثاني يخصص لدراسة الأبعاد الخفية للموضوعية.
The aim of this paper is to propose a new-realist ontology of tourism; an ontology that could be used as a foundation for those social sciences which are ready to accept the moderate realist ...approach. To achieve this goal, an answer to the general question is sought: What is the nature of the tourism reality? This has been broken down into specific issues: What entities make up the domain of tourism? How are they formed and how do they exist in the world? What are their features? And finally: What are the epistemic consequences of the adopted solutions? Our answers are embedded in Searle’s social ontology and his concepts of biological naturalism and social Background. The proposed tourism ontology will also be able to serve as a competitive option to relativist approaches that seem to be gaining the upper hand in the current debate about the state of tourism research.
Recent research has investigated whether people think of their moral beliefs as objectively true facts about the world, or as subjective preferences. The present research examines variability in the ...perceived objectivity of different moral beliefs, with respect both to the content of moral beliefs themselves (what they are about), and to the social representation of those moral beliefs (whether other individuals are thought to hold them). It also examines the possible consequences of perceiving a moral belief as objective. With respect to the content of moral beliefs, we find that beliefs about the moral properties of negatively valenced acts are seen as reliably more objective than beliefs about the moral properties of positively valenced acts. With respect to the social representation of moral beliefs, we find that the degree of perceived consensus regarding a moral belief positively influences its perceived objectivity. The present experiments also demonstrate that holding a moral belief to be objective is associated with a more ‘closed’ response in the face of disagreement about it, and with more morally pejorative attributions towards a disagreeing other person.
► Different moral beliefs differ in their perceived objectivity. ► Beliefs about negative immoral actions more objective than beliefs about positive moral actions. ► Perceived consensus positively correlated with perceived objectivity. ► Experimental manipulation of perceived consensus increases perceived objectivity. ► Objectivity associated with more closed responses to moral disagreement.
In journalism studies, an interest in emotions has gathered momentum during the last decade, leading to an increasingly diverse investigation of the affective and emotional aspects of production, ...text and audience engagement with journalism which we describe as an “emotional turn.” The attention to emotion in journalism studies is a relatively recent development, sustained by the concurrent rise of digital information technologies that have accentuated the emotional and affective everyday use of media, as well as the increasing mobilization, exploitation and capitalization of emotions in digital media.
This special issue both builds upon research on emotion in journalism studies and aims to extend it by examining new theoretical and methodological tools, and areas of empirical analysis, to engage with emotion or affect across the contexts of journalistic production, content and consumption.
In proclaiming ‘an emotional turn’ in journalism studies, the intention of this special issue is not to suggest a paradigm shift or a major change in the prevailing research agenda in the field. Rather, against the backdrop of the increasingly diverse field of journalism studies, it is to point out that the relationship between journalism and emotion represents a rapidly developing area of inquiry, which opens up for new research agendas.
Psychotherapy research is known for its pursuit of evidence-based treatment (EBT). Psychotherapeutic efficacy is assessed by calculation of aggregated differences between pre treatment- and post ...treatment symptom levels. As this ‘gold standard methodology’ is regarded as ‘procedurally objective’, the efficacy number that results from the procedure is taken as a valid indicator of treatment efficacy. However, I argue that the assumption of procedural objectivity is not justified, as the methodology is build upon a problematic numerical basis. I use an empirical case study to show (1) how measurement problems practically occur in the first step of data collection, i.e. in individual symptom measurement. These problems have been discussed and acknowledged for decades, but still measurement is regarded as the best epistemic means to gain evidence on psychotherapeutic efficacy. Therefore, I show (2) how initial measurement problems are overlooked in the remainder of the methodological procedure, which harms the ‘evidence-base’ of psychotherapeutic EBT. Via this applied analysis, I exhibit concerns that are increasingly raised in the literature in an empirical way, to emphasize the need for a non-idealized consideration of the ‘gold standard methodology’ as a means towards its clinical end.
Several studies have examined the consumption and spread of fake news on social media. Two notable gaps, though, exist in the extant literature. First, prior research has focused on the political ...orientation of users while ignoring the broader context of sharing, namely the perceived political orientation of their social media peers. Second, there is limited insight about how user states, especially those related to their judgment abilities, influence the critical evaluation of fake news on social media. This paper addresses these gaps by theorizing the roles of perceived peer political orientation and self-objectivity states of users in translating biased credibility assessments of fake news into biased sharing intentions. It reports on an 7experiment (n=408) that primed self-perceived objectivity (a state) in half of the participants to examine its efficacy in moderating the influence of credibility bias (the extent to which users believe the news that highlight ideas that are consistent with their political orientation more than fake news articles that highlight ideas that are inconsistent with their political orientation) on sharing bias (the extent to which they are likely to share fake news that highlight ideas that are consistent with their political orientation more than fake news that highlight ideas that are inconsistent with their political orientation) while accounting for the moderating effect of perceived peer political orientation (a contextual factor). We found that consistency of fake news with people's political orientation increased credibility bias and sharing bias and that credibility bias increased sharing bias. We also found that perceived alignment between a user and their peers' political orientation, as a social context, reduced the effect of credibility bias on sharing bias. Finally, we found mixed support for the moderating effects of primed self-objectivity on the influence of credibility bias on sharing bias; it affected only liberal-leaning participants.
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