Arnold Geulincx (1624-1669) jest twórcą teorii okazjonalizmu, która próbuje wyjaśnić doświadczenie psychofizycznej jedności człowieka na fundamencie Kartezjańskiego dualizmu substancjalnego. Ten ...filozof, ale również z wykształcenia lekarz, podjął w swoich dziełach kwestię ludzkiego ciała, rozważając je w różnych kontekstach. W Metafizyce prawdziwej (Metaphysica vera) przedstawia je jako substancję rozciągłą, w Etyce (Ethica) omawia je w ramach kondycji ludzkiej, a w Fizyce prawdziwej (Physica vera) przedstawia ciało jako mikrokosmos. Obok prac z zakresu filozofii Geulincx jest autorem traktatu medycznego Medicina contracta, który nie został nigdy wydany drukiem, a znajduje się w siedemnastowiecznym anonimowym rękopisie zawierającym dzieła Geulincxa: Arnoldi Geulincx Scholae Academicae ultimae ab auditore anonymo descripta Collegia. W traktacie tym odnajdujemy obok opisów narządów ciała ludzkiego, rozważania na temat chorób i leczenia. W artykule w oparciu o wymienione teksty zostały przedstawianie Geulincxa rozważania na temat ciała ludzkiego oraz zostanie podjęto próbę wykazania, iż są one determinowane założeniami teorii okazjonalizmu.
During the pandemic, the German language lexicon was replenished with socially significant keywords, including anglicism ‘Lockdown’. The study of new formations on the basis of socially significant ...generating bases is important for studying the dynamics of word-formation processes in modern German, which determines the relevance of this work. The analysis of neoplasms with the ‘Lockdown’ component is carried out from the standpoint of the structural and semantic description of lexemes. The material for the analysis was neologisms from German printed online publications, as well as lexemes from the electronic database OWID. It is proved that the dominant nominations with the ‘Lockdown’ component are nouns, this phenomenon reflects the tendency towards substantiation and univerbation in the German language. Some adjectival composites have also been identified. Verbal nominations, represented by two lexemes with a structural feature: lockdownen and downlocken (down locken) are described. It is shown that ‘Lockdown’ anglicism is able to combine with borrowed and native roots and morphemes, forming composites, derivatives and phrases. Examples of the creation of occasional contaminants formed by analogy with the word ‘Lockdown’ are given. It has been established that composites with a metaphorical meaning are designed to express the attitude of a linguistic personality to realities. The differentiation of neologisms-synonyms in semantic and stylistic terms is revealed.
The article analyzes modern ways of creating occasional anthroponyms in political media discourse as linguistic triggers of the slang level, aimed at modeling a certain type of perception of reality ...by the recipient, laid down and provided by the creator-speaking. The cause-and-effect relationships of going beyond the limits of the usus in the derivation of units in the historically conservative layer of anthroponyms are traced. There is a tendency towards active use of actual occasional and exotic word-formation patterns for derivation of derivatives. The orientation of derivational shifts towards the creation of pronounced invective lexemes and phrasemes in the context of the direct dependence of the degree of deviation on the expected communicative effect is stated. The exceptional significance for the described processes of action of structural-semantic analogies and associations with structurally similar lexemes from the normative dictionary is indicated. The processes of actualization of cognitive-affective triggers in recipients due to the connotative variability of non1derivatives have been investigated and described. The impossibility of establishing denotations of occasional derivatives in the case of their contextual isolation from a specific speech act is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the multiplicity of combinations of psycholinguistic meanings of derivatives and the blurring of their lexical semantics. The place of occasional derivatives-anthroponyms in modern political media discourse as deliberately used depressurizers of precedent statements is considered. The prospects for the development of the psycholinguistic aspect of occasional derivational processes for various communicative situations and spheres of human activity have been determined for the purpose of a comprehensive and more thorough study and description of the speech manifestation not only of an individual linguistic personality, but also of native speakers in general.
Este trabajo tiene como meta volver a analizar uno de los debates filosófico-científicos más ricos de la cultura occidental, este es, el que protagonizaron Leibniz y Newton (a través de la figura de ...Clarke). Si estos debates tuvieron tanta importancia es porque en ellos se discutieron acerca de los conceptos fundamentales de uno y otro pensador. Intentaremos ver hasta qué punto sus puntos de vista diferían.
Locke traces the concept of active power to the experience of voluntary action in ourselves. I argue that Locke does not find in voluntary action a necessary connection binding volition and action. I ...defend the application of Locke’s regularity theory of causal judgment to the operation of the will. The will is classified as a cause because it is regularly accompanied by a movement in our limbs or a change in our thoughts. I argue that Locke does not equate the concepts of cause and active power. He maintains that something can serve as a cause, and so bring about change, in virtue of activity or in virtue of its susceptibility to external influence. I go on to develop what I refer to as the ascription puzzle. Locke, who provides a criterion for classifying something as a cause, does not develop a criterion of for classifying causes as either active or passive in nature. The ascription puzzle is vexing because Locke has no principled way to establish, among other things, that humans, in acting voluntarily, exercise active power. The result is that Locke should not be taken to identify the experience of voluntary action as the origin of the concept of active power because of any metaphysical considerations bearing on human agency.
Composite occasionalism is understood as a new formation, which is based on a syntactic complex acting as a multicomponent unity and characterized by a hyphenated connection of elements (for example,
...how-to-win-that-job
articles,
last-Friday-before-a-vacation
feeling). The ways of translating complex occasionalisms in modern English-language novels into Russian are discussed in the article. The results of a comparative analysis on the material of five novels and their Russian translations are presented: “White Teeth” by Z. Smith (2000) — “Belye zuby” (translated by O. L. Kachanova, M. A. Melnichenko, 2005), “About beauty” by Z. Smith (2005) — “O krasote” (translated by O. L. Kachanova, A. N. Vlasova, 2010), “Do you know how to keep secrets?” by S. Kinsella (2003) — “A ty umeesh khranit’ sekrety?” (translated by T. A. Pertseva, 2019), “Love, Rosie” by S. Ahern (2005) — “Ne veryu. Ne nadeyus’. Lyublyu” “I don’t believe. I hope not. I love” (translated by V. I. Lavronenko, 2009) and “Juliet, Naked” by N. Hornby (2009) — “Golaya Dzhulyetta” (translated by Yu. A. Balayan, 2010). The following translation techniques were reviewed: descriptive translation with the loss of lexical “condensation”, calquing, replacement of a complex occasional unit in one word, graphic-punctuation transfer, omission of the occasional unit in the translation text or its incomplete transfer.
This study is devoted to the study of the implementation features of derivational mechanisms for modeling occasional vocabulary in the Russian-language media space. On the example of language units, ...which include the prepositive component de-, the semantic and grammatical features of occasional units implemented in the current media space are established. The material for the study was the texts of electronic newspapers, magazines, news agencies for the period from 2020 to the present, as well as forums, chats, blogs, political illustrations related to research topics. As a result of the study, a wide range of language units with a prepositive component de- was established, expanding their meaning in the texts of modern media. Thematic groups are identified and described, thematic groups organized by language units with the prepositive component de- are established, their contextual meaning and semantic-pragmatic features of implementation in the current media space are determined.
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