The differentiation of distinct cell populations in the retina is a multi-step process that involves cell cycle exit, migration, and dramatic changes of cell morphology. All these steps are tightly ...controlled by multiple regulatory pathways, which involve both cell-autonomous networks of transcription factors and cell–cell signaling events. Additional regulatory inputs into cell fate decisions have been recently suggested: accumulating evidence shows that the timing of cell cycle exit, the orientation of the mitotic spindle during the last cell division, and the polarity of neuronal progenitor cells could play important roles in cell fate determination.
This book addresses important findings, assumptions, problems, hopes, and future guidelines on the use of advanced research techniques to study the moment-by-moment mental processes that occur while ...a reader or listener is understanding language. The core techniques are eye tracking and ERPs, with some extensions to others such as fMRI. The On-line Study of Sentence Comprehension has been written by top researchers in the field of psycholinguistics, who are also leading experts in the use of eye tracking and ERPs. This book combines comprehensive overviews of the state of the art on theoretical progress, the latest on assumptions behind the use of eye movements (reading and visual world) and ERPs methods with papers that address specific research questions. This work covers not only methodological issues but also discusses the theoretical progress in understanding language processing using temporally fine-grained methods.
Proper visual function of the vertebrate retina requires the maintenance of the integrity of the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL), which is often affected in many blinding human retinal diseases. ...While the structural integrity of the ONL has long been considered to be maintained primarily through the outer limiting membrane (OLM), we have little knowledge on the development and maintenance of the OLM itself. Here, by analyzing the adhering properties of photoreceptors in zebrafish
N-cad and
nok mutants, we demonstrated for the first time that the
nok gene is essential for the establishment and/or maintenance of the OLM. In addition, our results imply the possibility that Nok, Crumbs, and their associated proteins may constitute a type of photoreceptor-photoreceptor junctional complex that has not be described before. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms by which the integrity of the ONL is maintained in the vertebrate retina.
V prispevku so orisane različne oblike integracije IKT v pouk nemščine. Natančneje je predstavljena le ena oblika, to je spletno podprti pouk. Uspešnost integracije spletno pod- prtega pouka je ...odvisna od različnih dejavnikov. V prispevku smo se osredotočili na načelo postopnosti, ki ima ključni pomen v petstopenjskem modelu uvajanja spletno podprtega učenja. Model smo v prispevku predstavili in analizirali njegov pomen za spletno podprti pouk nemščine in posredno drugih tujih jezikov.
Mutations of the oko meduzy (ome) locus cause drastic neuronal patterning defect in the zebrafish retina. The precise, stratified appearance of the wild-type retina is absent in the mutants. Despite ...the lack of lamination, at least seven retinal cell types differentiate in oko meduzy. The ome phenotype is already expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium affecting morphology of the neuroepithelial cells. Our experiments indicate that previously unknown cell-cell interactions are involved in development of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. In genetically mosaic animals, cell-cell interactions are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of oko meduzy retinal neuroepithelial cells. These cell-cell interactions may play a critical role in the patterning events that lead to differentiation of distinct neuronal laminae in the vertebrate retina.
Problemi vida i patologija oka često su u komorbiditetu s psihijatrijskim stanjima. Ovaj rad pruža pregled dostupnih istraživanja o takvim vezama i podiže osviješćenost o mogućem značenju i učincima ...različitih očnih simptoma i oštećenja vida na psihijatrijska stanja i psihičke simptome. Dodatno, psihološke karakteristike i psihijatrijska stanja razmatraju se kao mogući uzroci problema oka i vida. Većina istraživanja otkriva povezanost između problema oka i vida s psihijatrijskim stanjima i psihičkim smetnjama. Blaži oftalmološki problemi najčešće su povezani s poremećajima raspoloženja, a manje s ostalim psihijatrijskim stanjima. Ozbiljni oftalmološki problemi, poput gubitka oštrine vida, povećavaju rizik za reaktivnu depresiju. Manji broj istraživanja potvrđuje vezu između psihotičnih poremećaja i vida, koja uglavnom mijenja vidnu percepciju. Zaključno, razmotrene su moguće interakcije i odnosi između psihijatrijskih stanja i problema oka i vida te preporuke za buduća istraživanja. U preporukama za usmjeravanje i zbrinjavanje pacijenata naglašen je holistički pristup u tretmanu pacijenata.
Representation of larger-than-life phalluses is one of shunga's most memorable features. Such depiction is often explained to have originated in so-called kachi-e, a painting of a phallic contest ...(yōbutsu kurabe) among men with surrealistically huge male members. However, what kachi-e precisely is, including its origin, evolution, and range of variety has been left unstudied. This article's aim is to document kachi-e's development from the earliest known form through its variations over the centuries, as well as to consider how the perception and depiction of this theme changed in visual and literary sources. The initial focus is on the oldest extant kachi-e example, Kachi-e emaki preserved in the Mitsui Memorial Museum in Tokyo, which consists of two parts: a phallic contest and farting battles (höht gassen). The Mitsui handscroll is most likely a combination of two faithful copies of medieval originals. Literary sources of the medieval period provide some insight into attitudes towards having a large phallus, but indicate no specific benefit physiologically or personally. Fascination for kachi-e continues throughout the Edo period until the early Meiji era. The current Mitsui handscroll was highly appreciated due to its attribution as Toba Sōjō's authentic work and copied by prominent artists with antiquarian interests, while innovative versions of phallic contests were created, in which having a large phallus was positively valued. In some later versions female protagonists are poised on the other side of men in an "intercourse battle." These new elements indicate that the kachi-e were appropriated into popular shunga discourse in the Edo period. These new phallic contest representations also kept the original humorous tone with an ironical view towards the common admiration of large male genitals.
Središnji dio ovoga broja je objava povijesnih izvora - izvještaja, što su ih biskupi podastirali crkvenim vlastima u Rimu, opisujući tvarno i duhovno stanje u krajevima kojima su predsjedali kao ...pastiri (Relatlones ad limina apostolorum). Tih je izvješća 24. Govorom statistike, u prosjeku svakih 15 godina biskupi su pohodili župe
i slali izvještaje u Rim. No, pretpostaviti je, kako see ističe i u uvodu, da u Tajnom Vatikanskom arhivu nisu sačuvana sva prispjela izvješća.
U radu se govori o kulturi sjećanja u selima oko Nove Kapele. Riječ je o pričama o
vilama, vješticama, duhovima i vragu. Budući da priče nisu cjelovite te nemaju obilježja
usmene predaje, one ...pripadaju kulturi sjećanja. Postoje razne priče o vilama,
vješticama, duhovima i vragu u selima oko Nove Kapele, a koje će biti iznesene u
radu. Prije samih priča, u radu će biti navedeno što je usmena književnost, kako se
ona još naziva, koja su njezina obilježja te što je usmena predaja i što nju obilježava.
Nakon toga, slijede poglavlja o vilama, vješticama, duhovima i vragu te se u svakom
od njih govori o tim bićima, onim što je karakteristično za njih, a ispod tih navoda bit
će navedeni primjeri priča koje su ispričali kazivači u selima oko Nove Kapele.
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