Oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of every human disease. To understand its possible role in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), we measured the overall oxidative status of ...patients with BPH and the serum activity of the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-related antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE).
Fifty-six urology outpatient clinic patients with BPH (mean age 64±8.6 years) were prospectively included in the study. Forty volunteer healthy controls from the laboratory staff (mean age 62±10 years) were enrolled for comparison. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), PON1, ARE, and HDL levels were measured by commercially available, ready-to-use kits.
Serum TAS and HDL levels were significantly lower in the BPH group than in the control group (P=0.004 and P=0.02, respectively). No significant between-group differences were observed for TOS levels or PON1 and ARE enzyme activities (P=0.30, P=0.89, and P=0.74, respectively). In the BPH group, the calculated parameters PON1/HDL and ARE/HDL were significantly higher (P=0.02 and P=0.04, respectively).
Our findings agree with the previous reports of impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance in BPH patients. The activities of HDL-related enzymes between groups with significantly different HDL levels may be deceptive; adjusted values may help to reach more accurate conclusions.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. moulds that contaminate crop, predominantly maize, all around the world. More than 15 types of fumonisins have been indentified so far, but ...FB1 is the most abundant and toxicologically the most significant one. FB1 has a wide range of toxic effects, depending on animal species. In horses FB1 causes equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), in pigs pulmonary oedema and in experimental rodents nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. In humans exposure to FB1 is linked with higher incidence of primary liver cancer and oesophageal cancer, which are frequent in certain regions of the world (such as Transkei region in South Africa) where maize is staple food. The occurrence of neural tube defect in children in some countries of Central America (such as Mexico and Honduras) is connected with the consumption of FB1-contaminated maize-based food. However, possible involvement of FB1 in the development of human diseases is not clear. Nevertheless, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified FB1 as a possible carcinogen to humans (group 2B). FB1 is a causative agent of ELEM, a brain disorder in equines, indicating that brain is a target organ of FB1 toxicity. Several studies on experimental animals or on cell cultures of neural origin have established that FB1 has a neurodegenerative potential, although the mechanism of its neurotoxicity is still vague. The aim of this article is to give an overview of available literature on FB1 neurotoxicity and involved mechanisms, and to offer a new perspective for future studies.
Fumonizin B1 (FB1) jest mikotoksin koji proizvode plijesni roda Fusarium spp. koje nalazimo kao onečišćivače žitarica, ponajprije kukuruza diljem svijeta. Od svih do sada izoliranih fumonizina FB1 se najčešće može naći na kukuruzu, a i najtoksičniji je fumonizin. FB1 ima različite toksične učinke ovisno o životinjskoj vrsti. Tako u konja izaziva leukoencefalomalaciju kopitara (ELEM), u svinja plućni edem, a za eksperimentalne je glodavce nefrotoksičan i hepatotoksičan. U ljudi je izloženost FB1 povezana s razvojem primarnog karcinoma jetre i karcinoma jednjaka koji se učestalo pojavljuju u regijama svijeta (kao Transkeiska regija u Južnoj Africi) u kojima ljudi rabe kukuruz u dnevnoj prehrani. I pojavljivanje defekta neuralne cijevi u nekim je zemljama Srednje Amerike (kao Meksiko i Honduras) povezano s učestalom konzumacijom kukuruzne hrane kontaminirane s FB1. Ipak se sa sigurnošću ne može povezati razvoj navedenih bolesti u ljudi s izloženosti FB1. Međunarodna agencija za istraživanje raka (IARC) klasificirala je FB1 kao mogući karcinogen za ljude (grupa 2B). Kako je FB1 uzročnik ELEM-a, poremećaja središnjega živčanog sustava (SŽS) u konja, to upućuje na mogućnost da FB1 uzrokuje promjene u mozgu. Nekoliko studija na pokusnim životinjama i na staničnim kulturama stanica podrijetlom iz SŽS-a potvrdilo je da je FB1 neurotoksičan iako mehanizam neurotoksičnosti FB1, pa tako i mehanizam njegove toksičnosti, još nije razjašnjen. Stoga je cilj ovoga rada dati pregled dostupne literature o neurotoksičnosti i mehanizmu neurotoksičnosti FB1 kako bi se omogućilo bolje planiranje budućih istraživanja.
A close relationship exists between iron metabolism, diabetes and oxidative stress. Both diabetes and redox active iron are individually known to enhance oxidative stress. However, the role of iron ...deficiency and oxidative stress in diabetes is not clear; hence, the levels of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes with and without iron deficiency have been compared. Two groups of 30 patients each with diabetes were selected (one group with iron deficiency and the other group with normal iron levels) and compared with 30 normal healthy controls. The anthropometric parameters, fasting blood sugar, iron profile and oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde levels (index of lipid peroxidation) and serum uric acid levels (antioxidant)) were measured. While the diabetes group had significantly increased serum levels of ferritin (an acute phase reactant and antioxidant) in comparison with normal controls (P=0.040), the diabetic group with iron deficiency had decreased serum levels of iron (P =0.000), ferritin (P = 0.000) and uric acid (P = 0.006) and increased levels of malondialdehyde (P = 0.000) in comparison with diabetics without iron deficiency. This study shows an increase in oxidative stress in the diabetic group with iron deficiency together with reduction in antioxidant levels could further promote prooxidant levels and inflammation and in turn result in the development of complications in this high-risk Asian Indian population.
Metabolizam gvožđa, dijabetes i oksidativni stres blisko su povezani. Dijabetes i redoks-aktivno gvožđe zasebno pojačavaju oksidativni stres. Međutim, još nije ustanovljena uloga nedostatka gvožđa i oksidativnog stresa u dijabetesu; stoga su upoređeni nivoi oksidativnog stresa u dijabetesu tipa 2 sa i bez nedostatka gvožđa. Izabrane su dve grupe od po 30 pacijenata sa dijabetesom (jedna grupa sa nedostatkom gvožđa a druga sa normalnim nivoima gvožđa) i upoređene sa 30 zdravih kontrolnih subjekata. Izmereni su antropometrijski parametri, šećer u krvi na prazan stomak, profil gvožđa i parametri oksidativnog stresa (nivoi malondialdehida (indeks lipidne peroksidacije) i nivoi mokraćne kiseline u serumu (antioksidant)). Dok su u grupi dijabetičara nivoi feritina (reaktant akutne faze i antioksidant) u serumu bili značajno povišeni u poređenju sa zdravim kontrolnim subjektima (P = 0,040), u grupi dijabetičara s nedostatkom gvožđa bili su sniženi nivoi gvožđa (P = 0,000), feritina (P = 0,000) i mokraćne kiseline (P = 0,000) u serumu u poređenju s dijabetičarima bez nedostatka gvožđa. Ova studija pokazuje da bi porast oksidativnog stresa u grupi dijabetičara s nedostatkom gvožđa uz redukciju nivoa antioksidanata mogao dodatno povećati nivoe prooksidanata i pojačati inflamaciju, što bi za posledicu imalo razvoj komplikacija u ovoj visokorizičnoj indijskoj populaciji.
Naši rezultati ukazuju da oksidativni produkti lipidne peroksidacije imaju značajnu ulogu u nastanku i hroničnom toku sistemskog lupus eritematodesa. Ćelijsko oštećenje izazvano kiseoničnim ...radikalima nastalim zbog intenzivne lipidne peroksidacije i smanjene antioksidantne zaštite može biti zaustavljeno kortikosteroidnim lekom. Terapija kortikosteroidom je jedna od mogućnosti za bolesnike koji imaju zapaljensku autoimunu bolest. Na taj način se omogućava velikom broju bolesnika da izbegnu nastanak najtežih štetnih efekata tih autoimunih bolesti (bubrežna insuficijencija, ankiloza, prevremena ateroskleroza). Primena vitamina C ne pojačava efekat smanjenja koncentracije MDA kod bolesnika sa SLE koji se leče metilprednizolonom.
Oxidative stress has been proved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) not only by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also due to non-enzymatic protein ...glycosylation, auto-oxidation of glucose, impaired glutathione metabolism, alteration in the antioxidants and advanced oxidative protein product formation. The current study was undertaken to establish the relationship between iron, copper and antioxidants like reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiols, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) as well as total protein and albumin. The study group consisted of a total of 90 subjects which included non-diabetic healthy controls (n=30), diabetes mellitus patients (n=30), and diabetic retinopathy patients (n=30). All the parameters were measured using spectrophotometric methods. AOPP levels showed a very highly significant increase in DR patients and in DM patients compared to normal controls, the AOPP levels being higher in the DR compared to the DM patients (p= 0.001). The levels of thiols showed a very highly significant decrease in DR and DM as compared to normal subjects. The total proteins level showed a very highly significant decrease (P = 0.001) in DR and DM compared to normal. There was no change in the level of albumin. A significant increase in the levels of iron was observed in DR when compared to DM and control. The levels of copper in DR showed a very highly significant increase when compared to DM and controls (p = 0.001). Our study indicates a possible increase in the copper and iron-mediated generation of ROS thereby leading to increased consumption of antioxidants in the body.
Prisustvo oksidativnog stresa u patogenezi dijabetesa (DM) i dijabetesne retinopatije (DR) dokazano je ne samo zahvaljujući prisustvu reaktivnih vrsta kiseonika (ROS) već i zbog neenzimske glikozilacije proteina, autooksidacije glukoze, poremećenog metabolizma glutationa, promena u stvaranju antioksidanata i naprednih proizvoda oksidacije proteina. Ova studija sprovedena je kako bi se ustanovio odnos između gvožđa, bakra i antioksidanata kao što je redukovani glutation (GSH), ukupnih tiola i naprednih proizvoda oksidacije proteina (AOPP) kao i ukupnih proteina i albumina. Ispitivanu grupu činilo je ukupno 90 subjekata, odnosno zdravih kontrola (n=30), pacijenata sa dijabetesom (n=30) i pacijenata sa dijabetesnom retinopatijom (n=30). Svi parametri izmereni su pomoću spektrofotometrijskih metoda. Uočen je veoma značajan porast nivoa AOPP kod pacijenata sa DR i DM u odnosu na zdrave kontrolne subjekte, s tim što su nivoi AOPP bili viši u DR nego u DM (p=0,001). U poređenju sa zdravim ispitanicima, nivoi tiola bili su veoma značajno sniženi u DR i DM. Nivo ukupnih proteina bio je veoma značajno snižen (p=0,001) u DR i DM u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom, dok u nivou albumina nije bilo promena. Značajan porast nivoa gvožđa uočen je u DR u poređenju sa DM i kontrolnom grupom. Nivoi bakra u DR pokazali su veoma značajan porast u poređenju sa DM i kontrolnom grupom (p=0,001). Naša studija ukazuje na potencijalni porast produkcije ROS uz posredstvo bakra i gvožđa usled koje dolazi do povišene potrošnje antioksidanata u telu.
High incidence and poor prognosis of lung cancer make it a major health problem worldwide. Although smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, only some smokers develop lung cancer, which suggests that ...there is a genetic predisposition in some individuals. 8-OHG is an important oxidative base lesion and may elevate due to cancer and smoking. It is repaired by 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which has several polymorphisms. Although the Ser326Cys polymorphism is consistently associated with a range of cancers, findings about this polymorphism and lung cancer risk are contradictory. To date, no study has examined this association in the Turkish population. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and the risk of lung cancer using PCR-RFLP. We also evaluated gene-smoking interaction and excretion of urinary 8-OHdG. Our results suggest that the OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism is not a genetic risk factor for lung cancer, and that the heterozygous genotype is associated with a significantly reduced risk for lung cancer. The levels of 8-OHdG did not correlate with the polymorphism and smoking. Larger association studies are needed to validate our findings, and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of this association.
Karcinom pluća velik je javnozdravstveni problem u čitavom svijetu zbog svoje visoke učestalosti i loše prognoze. Premda je navika pušenja jedan od glavnih uzročnika karcinoma pluća, od ove bolesti oboli samo dio populacije pušača, što govori u prilog postojanju genetske predispozicije za njezin nastanak. 8-OHG je oksidativno oštećenje baze u molekuli DNA čija se učestalost može povećati zbog zloćudnih tumora i pušenja. U popravku tog oštećenja sudjeluje enzim 8-hidroksigvanin DNA-glikozilaza (OGG1) za koji je dokazano postojanje polimorfizma. Iako se polimorfizam Ser326Cys često dovodi u vezu s različitim vrstama zloćudnih bolesti, dosadašnji su rezultati o vezi između polimorfizma tog enzima i rizika od pojave karcinoma pluća kontradiktorni. Do danas na turskoj populaciji nisu provedena istraživanja koja bi dala jasne odgovore o toj povezanosti. Ovo je istraživanje usporedo provedeno u bolesnika i u zdravoj populaciji primjenom metode PCR-RFLP s ciljem utvrđivanja moguće povezanosti polimorfizma OGG1 Ser326Cys i rizika od karcinoma pluća. Nadalje, istražena je interakcija gena i navike pušenja te ekskrecija 8-OHdG u mokraći. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da polimorfizam OGG1 Ser326Cys nije genetski čimbenik rizika od pojave karcinoma pluća, a pokazalo se da je heterozigotni genotip povezan sa značajno nižim rizikom od karcinoma pluća. Razine 8-OHdG izmjerene u mokraći nisu bile u korelaciji ni s polimorfizmom ni s navikom pušenja. Zaključujemo da su za vrednovanje dobivenih rezultata potrebna istraživanja na još većem broju ispitanika te mehanistička istraživanja koja bi mogla razjasniti molekularne mehanizme koji su u pozadini ove povezanosti.
Myosmine 3-(1-pyrrolin-2-yl) pyridine is an alkaloid structurally similar to nicotine, which is known to induce oxidative stress. In this study we investigated the effects of myosmine on enzymatic ...and non-enzymatic antioxidative defence in rat liver. Wistar rats received a single
injection of 19 mg kg
of myosmine and an oral dose of 190 mg kg
by gavage. Nicotine was used as a positive control. Through either route of administration, myosmine altered the hepatic function by decreasing the levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities on one hand and by increasing malondialdehyde, catalase, and glutathione reductase activity on the other. Compared to control, both routes caused significant lipid peroxidation in the liver and altered hepatic enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative defences. The pro-oxidant effects of myosmine were comparable with those of nicotine.
In pathophysiological conditions related to oxidative stress, the application of selected antioxidants could have beneficial effects on human health. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) ...spectroscopy is a technique that provides unique insight into the redox biochemistry, due to its ability to: (i) distinguish and quantify different reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide, carbon centered radicals, hydrogen atom, nitric oxide, ascorbyl radical, melanin, and others; (ii) evaluate the antioxidative capacity of various compounds, extracts and foods; (iii) provide information on other important parameters of biological systems. A combination of EPR spectroscopy and traditional biochemical methods represents an efficient tool in the studies of disease mechanisms and antioxidative therapy prospects, providing a more complete view into the redox processes in the human organism.
U patofiziološkim uslovima povezanim sa oksidativnim stresom, primenjivanje određenih antioksidativnih materija može biti od koristi za ljudsko zdravlje. Elektronska paramagnetna rezonantna (EPR) spektroskopija predstavlja tehniku koja pruža jedinstveni uvid u biohemijske redoks procese, zahvaljujući svom kapacitetu da: (i) razlikuje i kvantifikuje različite reaktivne vrste, kao što su hidroksil radikal, superoksid, ugljenični radikali, vodonični atom, azot monoksid, askorbil radikal, melanin i druge; (ii) odredi antioksidativne kapacitete različitih jedinjenje, ekstrakata i namirnica; (iii) pruži informacije o drugim važnim parametrima bioloških sistema. Kombinacija EPR spektroskopije i tradicionalnih biohemijskih metoda predstavlja efikasno oruđe u ispitivanju mehanizama oboljenja i moguće antioksidativne terapije, pružajući kompletniji uvid u redoks procese u ljudskom organizmu
Oxidative stress is considered to be a unifying link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications, including nephropathy (DN). The aim of this study was to determine the parameters of ...oxidative injury of lipids and proteins as well as the activity of ectoenzymes in the urine of DN patients. The study included 40 individuals: 10 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria (DMT2-MIA), 10 type 2 diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria (DMT2-MAA), 10 patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria (DMT1-MIA) and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (control). In the urine we determined TBA reactive substances (TBARS), reactive carbonyl groups (RCG), and the activity of ectoenzymes N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), plasma cell differentiation antigen (PC-1), aminopeptidase N (APN) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). A higher concentration of TBARS in the urine was found in DMT2-MIA and DMT1-MIA, compared to the control group (p<0.001 and P<0.05). The urine concentration of RCD shows similar results with a significant elevation in the groups with DMT2-MAA and DMT1-MIA, compared to the DMT2-MIA (p<0.001) and control group (p<0.001). Activities of NAG, APN and DPPIV were significantly higher in the urine of DMT2-MAA, compared to the control (p<0.01). The activity of PC-1 was slightly increased in that group, but not significantly. In conclusion, the level of oxidative stress markers and activities of brush border ectoenzymes in the urine may be a useful non-invasive and easily repeatable test in DN.
Oksidativni stres može se smatrati jedinstvenim faktorom koji poveuzje dijabetes melitus (DM) i njegove komplikacije, uključujući nefropatiju (DN). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se u urinu pacijenata sa DN odrede parametri oksidativnog oštećenja lipida i proteina kao i aktivnost ektoenzima. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 40 pacijenata: 10 pacijenata sa dijabetes melitusom tipa 2 i mikroalbuminurijom (DMT2-MIA), 10 dijabetičnih pacijenata tipa 2 sa makroalbuminurijom (DMT2-MAA), 10 pacijenata sa dijabetom tipa 1 i mikroalbuminurijom (DMT1-MIA) i 10 zdravih osoba (kontrola). U urinu je određivana koncentracija TBA reaktivnih supstanci (TBARS), reaktivne karbonilne grupe (RCG) i aktivnost ektoenzima N-acetil-β-d-glukozaminidaze (NAG), plazma ćelijski diferencirajući antigen (PC-1), aminopeptidaza N (APN) i dipeptidil peptidaza IV (DPP IV). Veća koncentracija TBARS u urinu nađena je u DMT2-MIA i DMT1-MIA grupi, u odnosu na kontrolu (p<0,001 i p<0,05). Koncentracija RCD u urinu pokazuje slične vrednosti sa statistički značajnim povećanjem u DMT2-MAA i DMT1-MIA grupi u odnosu na DMT2-MIA (p<0,001) i kontrolnu grupu (p<0,001). Aktivnost NAG, APN i DPPIV značajno je veća u urinu pacijenata sa DMT2-MAA u odnosu na kontrolu (p<0,01). Aktivnost PC-1 pokazuje lagani, ali ne i signifikantan porast u toj grupi pacijenata. Zaključujemo da praćenje markera oksidativnog stresa i aktivnost brush border ektoenzima u urinu mogu biti korisni, neinvazivni i lako primenljivi testovi u praćenju DN.
Oxidative stress is associated with the individual components of metabolic syndrome and has been implicated in the development of complications of these metabolic disorders. In this study oxidative ...stress levels have been compared in obese Indians (a high-risk population for diabetes and cardiovascular disorders) with and without metabolic syndrome. 30 adult normotensive, normoglycemic obese subjects and 35 adults with metabolic syndrome of either sex with BMI >23 kg/m2 were compared with 30 adult, healthy volunteers with BMI <23 kg/m2. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, biochemical parameters, hydroperoxides levels and total antioxidant capacity were estimated. The obese groups with and without metabolic syndrome had significantly increased anthropometric parameters like waist circumference and index of central obesity and aqueous phase hydroperoxides when compared with normal controls. The metabolic syndrome group also had significantly increased blood sugar levels, lipid profile and hydroperoxide levels when compared to obese or control groups. There was no alteration in the total antioxidant capacity in any of the groups. The Triglyceride/HDL-Cholesterol ratio (>3), a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, indicates insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome group. The anthropometric profile, insulin resistance and oxidative stress seen in obesity are further elaborated in metabolic syndrome. Thus, the early identification of high-risk individuals based on anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, insulin resistance and indices of oxidative stress may help to prevent the development of complications of metabolic syndrome.
Oksidativni stres dovodi se u vezu sa pojedinačnim komponentama metaboličkog sindroma i povezan je sa razvojem komplikacija u metaboličkim poremećajima. U ovoj studiji upoređeni su nivoi oksidativnog stresa kod gojaznih Indijaca (populaciji sa visokim rizikom za razvoj dijabetesa i kardiovaskularnih poremećaja) sa i bez metaboličkog sindroma. Trideset odraslih normotenzivnih, normoglikemičnih gojaznih ispitanika i 35 odraslih osoba sa metaboličkim sindromom oba pola sa ITM >23 kg/m2 poređeno je sa 30 odraslih zdravih dobrovoljaca sa ITM <23 kg/m2. Ispitivani su antropometrijski parametri, krvni pritisak, biohemijski parametri, nivoi hidroperoksida i ukupni antioksidantni kapacitet. U gojaznim grupama sa i bez metaboličkog sindroma antropometrijski parametri kao što su obim struka i indeks centralne gojaznosti i aqueous phase hidroperoksidi bili su značajno povišeni u poređenju sa kontrolnim subjektima. Grupa sa metaboličkim sindromom takođe je imala značajno povišene nivoe šećera u krvi, lipidni profil i nivoe hidroperoksida u poređenju sa gojaznom ili kontrolnom grupom. Ni u jednoj grupi nije bilo promena u ukupnom antioksidantnom kapacitetu. Odnos trigliceridi/HDL holesterol (>3), kao surogat marker insulinske rezistencije, ukazuje na rezistenciju na insulin u grupi sa metaboličkim sindromom. Antropometrijski profil, insulinska rezistencija i oksidativni stres prisutni u gojaznosti dalje se razvijaju u metaboličkom sindromu. Otud rana identifikacija osoba sa visokim rizikom na osnovu antropometrijskih parametara, lipidnog profila, insulinske rezistencije i indeksa oksidativnog stresa može doprineti sprečavanju razvoja komplikacija metaboličkog sindroma.
PDF
