Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are ...less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the US, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labor market discrimination.
Sexual well-being is an important contributor to romantic relationship quality, health, and quality of life, yet couples face significant disruptions to their sexuality during the transition to ...parenthood. While there is evidence of variability in the sexual well-being of new parents, distinct classes of dyadic trajectories have not been established. Sexual frequency, desire, satisfaction, and distress are each unique components of sexual well-being and may follow different patterns of change within couples. We sought to establish classes of trajectories of four aspects of sexual well-being for couples in the transition to parenthood as well as the associations among identified classes. Couples (N = 203) expecting their first child completed online standardized measures of sexual well-being at 20 and 32 weeks in pregnancy and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum. Dyadic latent class growth analyses were conducted to identify classes of trajectories for each facet of sexual well-being, and dual trajectory analyses examined the probability of group membership across classes. Couples' sexual well-being over time was heterogeneous. Sexual frequency had two classes: high (33%) and low (67%); sexual desire had three classes: moderate (36%), high (25%), and discrepant (39%); sexual satisfaction had two classes: high (64%) and low (36%); and sexual distress had two classes: low (76%) and discrepant (24%). Overlap in classes of sexual well-being was variable such that high and low or discrepant (between partners) classes did not always co-occur. Findings provide more nuanced information about new parents' postpartum sexual health, which may facilitate early assessment and intervention.
Si de nos jours les évolutions législatives et sociétales sont en faveur des personnes en situation de handicap, dans les faits certaines representations negatives persistent. Les traumatismes en ...liens avec leur vie relationnelle, affective et sexuelle causés dans le passé peuvent demeurer également au point d’anéantir toute chance de réparation. Ainsi, l’expérience singulière de Leslie aujourd’hui âgée d’une trentaine d’années et de sa mère de laquelle elle a été séparée dès la naissance est un exemple parmi tant d’autres. Entre honte et culpabilité, disqualification et «meurtre symbolique», cette mère et sa fille ont subi des violences physiques, morales et psychiques du fait de cette séparation qui leur a été impose. Victimes toutes deux de discrimination au nom du handicap de la mère, elles en payent encore aujourd’hui les conséquences. Peu nombreux sont ceux qui croient aux capacités et compétences des personnes en situation de handicap, surtout mental à élever un enfant. De fait, le désir de procréation et de parentalité ne leur est pas automatiquement reconnu, même si aucun texte ne l’interdit. Il faut que soit prise en compte la parole de ces personnes et qu’elles soient associées à toutes les prises de décisions les concernant car la promotion de la personne, la rendre aussi responsable c’est socialement valorisant. Au-delà du statut de personne en situation de handicap il y a un être humain, un sujet.
The aim of the present study was to examine the factors associated with exercise participation in mothers with primary school children. A cross-sectional study of 315 mothers of primary school ...children was completed. Participants were recruited from fourteen elementary schools in which their children were enrolled. Exercise participation and associated factors including demographic, psychological, behavioral, and environment factors were assessed by questionnaire. After controlling for age, body mass index and sociodemographic variables, results of logistic regression indicated that holding a full-time job (OR=0.15 (0.05-0.44), p < 0.01) and high frequency of cleaning (OR=0.30 (0.14-0.65), p < 0.01) were significantly negatively correlated with exercise participation. Moreover, high self-efficacy of exercise (OR=3.11 (1.66-5.84), p < 0.01) and car driving (OR=2.68 (1.57-4.56), p < 0.01) were significantly positively associated with exercise participation. The findings of this study suggest that employment status, psychological and behavioral factors were related with exercise participation in mothers with primary school children.
Background: Becoming a parent relates not only to joy but also to new challenges. Consistent with set-point theory, previous research found that life satisfaction increased around childbirth but ...decreased back to baseline in the following years. However, it remains unresolved whether individual facets of affective well-being show lasting or temporary changes around childbirth. Method: In 5,532 first-time parents from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we tested how life satisfaction, happiness, sadness, anxiety, and anger changed in the five years before and five years after becoming a parent. Results: Parents experienced a large increase in life satisfaction and happiness in the years surrounding the birth of their first child. This increase was most pronounced in the first year of parenthood. Sadness and anger decreased in the years before childbirth, reached their lowest point in the first year of parenthood, and increased in the following years. Anxiety slightly increased in the five years before childbirth but was lower thereafter. Most well-being changes bounced back in the long run, resulting in comparable well-being levels five years after versus five years before becoming a parent. Conclusions: These findings suggest that set-point theory also applies to different facets of affective well-being across the transition to parenthood.
The couple and coparenting relationship are theorized to influence each other in a reciprocal manner over time. Empirical evidence demonstrates cross-sectional associations between the 2 as well as ...prospective predictions of coparenting by relationship quality and vice versa. However, less is known about the longitudinal reciprocity between the couple relationship and coparenting from the perspective of both parents. The current study sought to examine longitudinal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining across the transition to parenthood from a dyadic perspective. Participants were 164 cohabiting heterosexual couples expecting their 1st child, assessed during pregnancy and at 6 and 36 months after birth. Actor partner interdependence modeling was used to examine, for both men and women, (a) stability over time in relationship quality and coparenting, (b) reciprocal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining, and (c) the gender differences in those associations. Moderate rank-order stability in relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining across the 1st 3 years of parenthood was demonstrated. For women, but not men, findings suggested longitudinal reciprocal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining. Specifically, our findings suggested that prenatal relationship quality sets the stage for coparenting functioning after birth for both men and women but that coparenting functioning is then connected to subsequent feelings about the romantic relationship for only women.
This is the first study to examine change in depression and anxiety across the first year of adoptive parenthood in same-sex couples (90 couples: 52 lesbian, 38 gay male). Given that sexual ...minorities uniquely contend with sexual orientation-related stigma, this study examined how both internalized and enacted forms of stigma affect the mental health of lesbians and gay men during the transition to parenthood. In addition, the role of contextual support was examined. Higher perceived workplace support, family support, and relationship quality were related to lower depressive and anxious symptoms at the time of the adoption, and higher perceived friend support was related to lower anxiety symptoms. Lower internalized homophobia and higher perceived neighborhood gay-friendliness were related to lower depressive symptoms. Finally, individuals with high internalized homophobia who lived in states with unfavorable legal climates regarding gay adoption experienced the steepest increases in depressive and anxious symptoms. Findings have important implications for counselors working with sexual minorities, especially those experiencing the transition to parenthood. (Contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 4 footnotes.)
Introduction: In recent decades, the conditions in Sweden for parenthood for persons with intellectual disabilities have changed. However, there is little knowledge about how Swedish parents ...themselves experience their parenthood. The purpose is to understand the aspects that parents consider central to their parenting and, how the community's support is experienced. Methods: The empirical material consists of interviews with parents with intellectual disabilities. Results: Parents strive to be “regular” parents. Being a responsible parent is described as an ideal. It is common that they receive practical and financial support from relatives. Community support has a major impact. Support efforts based on strengthening own parental abilities and compensating for deficiencies tend to be helpful and reduce dependency. Efforts aimed at monitoring parenting are, however, experienced as stressful. Several of the parents' children are taken into custody. Depending on whether custody decision is done by coercion or by consent, affects the subsequent relationship between parent and child. Implications: Their preoccupation on parenting ideal, indicates that they feel limited in deviating from the norms. Successful community support should consider support from relatives, be based on the parents' abilities and compensate for their limitations. The establishment of basic trust appears to be a key component.
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