Introduction. Contemporary Russian studies about the traditional Russian family often describe it as being in a state of crisis. According to researchers, this crisis is defined by a decrease ...in registered marriages and corresponding increase in unmarried cohabiting couples; a rise in extramarital births; a rise in divorces; and a trend towards families with few children. Current statistics show that around 70% of families in the Russian Federation fall apart, and that the number of registered marriages is going down. In many respects, these changes are linked to the transformation of parenthood in Russian society over the past 100 years, which occurred due to various social and historical phenomena. These include; the emancipation of women and their consequent contributions to politics and the economy, which was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of reproductive and productive labour in married couples; the development of state childcare, and changes to the legal status of a child and their role in the family structure. Transformations in the institute of the family can therefore be viewed not as indicators of crisis, but rather as a logical remodelling, in response to changes in social, economic and political areas of public life.Materials and methods. The following methods were used for the preparation of this article; theoretical analysis of Russian and international literature, study of scientific articles and publications on the topic, overview of results from Russian and international studies, content analysis.Results. Changes in child-parent relations throughout historical development of the family institute in different societies (specifically within Russia); special characteristics of the modern Russian family and its distinctive features; comparison of these features with those which are typical for families in developed countries.Discussion and conclusion. The phenomena in the Russian family system, which contemporary researchers often describe as crisis indicators are, to a great extent, simply replications of typical trends in developed countries. These phenomena are part of global changes in public life. However, the Russian system is nonetheless unique, with its own legacy of social, economic and culturalcharacteristics, and child-parent relations.
Studies have found early detection of autism is protective for an individual and their family. Fewer Pacific children are diagnosed with autism compared with non-Pacific children, and those who have ...significantly higher needs, suggesting an undercount of those diagnosed. The purpose of this study was to explore any association between parental education and autism in Pacific children living in Aotearoa, New Zealand. This was a national cross-sectional study using data from New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure, including Pacific and non-Māori non-Pacific children in the 2013 Census. A novel method was employed to capture autism, while years of parents’ education was estimated from their highest attained qualification level. Apposite regression models were used to analyse the relationship between parental education and autism. We found that autism was identified in 1.1% of Pacific children compared with 1.6% of non-Māori, non-Pacific children. A year of education among parents of Pacific children was associated with increased identification of autism (odds ratio = 1.10; 95% confidence interval = 1.06–1.15). The findings show education plays a positive role in receiving a diagnosis for Pacific autistic children but suggest a systemic failure to support Pacific parents to navigate existing health systems for themselves or their children.
Lay abstract
Previous studies of autism in Aotearoa, New Zealand, suggest that fewer Pacific children receive an autism diagnosis compared to European children. This study aimed to explore if formal education qualification of parents is related to receiving an autism diagnosis for their Pacific child. Our findings show that autism was identified in 1.1% of Pacific children compared with 1.6% among non-Māori, non-Pacific children. Parents with higher levels of education were more likely to receive an autism diagnosis for their Pacific child. While the study findings indicate education plays a positive role in receiving a diagnosis for autistic children, they suggest a systemic failure of supporting Pacific parents and communities to navigate the health and education systems that exist in Aotearoa, New Zealand.
Abstract
The maternal brain undergoes structural and functional plasticity during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Little is known about functional plasticity outside caregiving-specific contexts ...and whether changes persist across the lifespan. Structural neuroimaging studies suggest that parenthood may confer a protective effect against the aging process; however, it is unknown whether parenthood is associated with functional brain differences in late life. We examined the relationship between resting-state functional connectivity and number of children parented in 220 healthy older females (73.82 ± 3.53 years) and 252 healthy older males (73.95 ± 3.50 years). We compared the patterns of resting-state functional connectivity with 3 different models of age-related functional change to assess whether these effects may be functionally neuroprotective for the aging human parental brain. No relationship between functional connectivity and number of children was obtained for males. For females, we found widespread decreasing functional connectivity with increasing number of children parented, with increased segregation between networks, decreased connectivity between hemispheres, and decreased connectivity between anterior and posterior regions. The patterns of functional connectivity related to the number of children an older woman has parented were in the opposite direction to those usually associated with age-related cognitive decline, suggesting that motherhood may be beneficial for brain function in late life.
Improved treatments for cystic fibrosis allow more patients to become parents. This article presents a systematic review of literature on cystic fibrosis patients’ experience of parenthood. Five ...databases (Cairn, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PubMed and ScienceDirect) produced 2335 documents that were screened. In total, 13 documents were retained and assessed with validated criteria. Five themes related to cystic fibrosis parenthood were discovered: population presentation, health and treatment adherence, adjustments, role of professionals and pressured temporality. Parenthood requires an important reorganisation of daily life in order to remain capable of childcare. Regardless of negative health impacts, cystic fibrosis parents have a positive outlook on parenthood.
Attitudes to marriage, sexual morality, and parenthood are currently undergoing substantial cultural transformation, noticeable also in mission countries. For this reason, the Catholic Church has in ...recent years treated pastoral care of married couples and families as an urgent concern. The article presents results of empirical research conducted among a selected group of Catholics in Kenya as well as conclusions and postulates for Catholic formation and pastoral care of families. It indicates a need for education that would help individuals overcome unethical conjugal and familial attitudes. It also emphasizes the value of positive attitudes to parenthood present in African culture and accentuates clear progress in rejecting a conviction that marriage without children is pointless. The text points out urgent need for formative and pastoral work to eradicate corporal punishment of children and indicates challenges related to the education of women.
The transition to parenthood is both a joyous and a challenging event in a relationship. Studies to date have found mostly negative effects of the birth of the first child on the parental ...relationship. We propose that partners' pre-pregnancy individual happiness may serve as a buffer against these negative effects. We predicted that parents who are happy prior to pregnancy fare better in terms of relationship commitment after childbirth than unhappy parents. To test our prediction, we used data of a 5-wave longitudinal study among 109 Dutch newlywed couples who had their first child during the study and a comparison group of 55 couples who remained childless. We found that the relationship commitment of fathers with higher pre-pregnancy happiness and fathers with a partner with higher pre-pregnancy happiness increased slightly in the years after childbirth, whereas the relationship commitment of fathers with lower pre-pregnancy happiness and fathers with a partner with lower pre-pregnancy happiness decreased. In addition, the relationship commitment of mothers with a happier partner prior to pregnancy decreased only slightly across the transition to parenthood but showed a steeper decline for mothers with a partner with average or lower pre-pregnancy happiness. In line with the idea that happiness acts as a resource when partners have to deal with relationship challenges, individual happiness predicted changes in relationship commitment for parents, but not for partners who remained childless.
Life events, such as the birth of a child, disrupt habitual travel behaviour and provide a valuable opportunity to influence the adoption of sustainable transport practices. However, in order for ...sustainable travel practices to be adopted, an understanding is required of the factors that influence travel mode choice among families with young children. Research in this field is particularly timely given many in the millennial generation, a comparably large cohort, are approaching this life stage. This comprehensive literature review develops a framework of factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children. The findings reveal a multitude of factors influence decisions about mode choice, and, in particular, encourage travel by car, when travelling with young children. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research about travel among families with young children, a largely overlooked group of transport users.
We examine a counterintuitive effect of motherhood and parental leave policies: supervisors and coworkers may view early career women who have yet to have children (i.e., childless women) with ...greater uncertainty and inconvenience than their counterparts (i.e., childless men), especially in organizations offering more maternal than paternal leave. We propose that these “maybe baby” expectations manifest as workplace incivility, which predicts later career withdrawal. In a time-lagged survey study, we examined 474 early career employees' experiences of workplace incivility and career withdrawal cognitions one year later; we also collected objective data on organizations' maternal and paternal leave policies. As expected, childless women experienced more incivility than their counterparts, a difference that was greater in organizations with larger differences between maternal leave and paternal leave policies and positively associated with subsequent career withdrawal. Discussion focuses on the importance of examining individual- and organizational-level work-family antecedents for understanding modern workplace mistreatment and its career effects in context, as well as the effective design and implementation of work-family policies.
•We examined a counterintuitive effect of motherhood and parental leave: “maybe baby” expectations.•Namely, early career women's potential pregnancy inconvenience for her coworkers and supervisors manifests as incivility.•As expected, women reported more incivility if childless and eligible for more maternal leave (relative to paternal leave).•Targets' reported experiences of workplace incivility predicted subsequent career withdrawal one year later.•Our results highlight the importance of intersectional, individual and organizational work-family antecedents in context.
The article deals with a principled aspect of responsible parenthood, the decision to choose natural family planning as a method of birth control within the marital dialogue, and its consistent ...implementation through parental attitudes. The analysis of the research problem proceeds via four stages. First, the foreground lays out the solid theological, biblical and anthropological foundations of responsible parenthood. The second stage explores the multiple contexts of parental decisions, from the perspective of the determinants of marital dialogue. Next follows a presentation of the theological, ethical and psychological values of the natural family planning methods. Finally, an attempt is made to specify the essence of the parental decision, which implies the use of natural methods of birth control by the spouses. The hermeneutic key linking all the theological analysis of the article has been the concept of a personal gift on the part of the spouses. The conclusions we have formulated encompass the many dimensions – ethical, anthropological, theological, charismatic, and cultic-liturgical – of a married couple’s decision regarding a family planning strategy.
This article investigates how the fragmentation of work time influences subjective time pressure, and how this relationship varies across gender and parenthood status. This is an important question ...that has been neglected by previous studies. Using the latest UK time-use data (N = 620) from 2020 to 2021 and Ordinary Least Squares regressions, the study finds that work time fragmentation generally predicts more subjective time pressure. Specifically, work time fragmentation is found to increase subjective time pressure more among women without children than mothers. However, this effect is inverted among men, as the fragmentation of work time predicts more subjective time pressure among fathers but not among men without children. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of the adverse consequences of ‘role switching’ and ‘work schedule instability’ and their interaction with gender and parenthood. Accordingly, future research should consider work time fragmentation as a vital indicator of job and life quality.
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