This article examines the rise of gatekeeper politics within the ANC, drawing on an analysis of ANC discussion documents, key informant interviews with senior party officials, and interviews and ...observations from the ANC's centenary policy conference. On the basis of this material, I identify the symptoms and consequences of gatekeeper politics, including the growth of patronage networks, crony capitalism, and bitter factional struggles within the party. Rather than resembling some uniquely "African" form of political aberration and breakdown, gatekeeper politics should be viewed within a broader spectrum of patronage politics evident elsewhere in the world, because it is intrinsically bound up with the development of capitalism. Political leaders who occupy positions of authority in the party or public service act as gatekeepers by regulating access to the resources and opportunities that they control. A volatile politics of inclusion and exclusion emerges and provokes bitter factional struggles within the ANC as rival elites compete for power. The rise of gatekeeper politics undermines both the organizational integrity of the ANC and its capacity to deliver on its electoral mandate. It can also depoliticize social injustice in post-apartheid South Africa by co-opting popular struggles over access to resources that might otherwise challenge the political status quo.
Long before the photo op, political rulers were manipulating visual imagery to cultivate their authority and spread their ideology. Born just decades after Gutenberg, the Holy Roman Emperor ...Maximilian I (1459-1519) was, Larry Silver argues, the first ruler to exploit the propaganda power of printed images and text. Marketing Maximilian explores how Maximilian used illustrations and other visual arts to shape his image, achieve what Max Weber calls "the routinization of charisma," strengthen the power of the Hapsburg dynasty, and help establish the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A fascinating study of the self-fashioning of an early modern ruler who was as much image-maker as emperor, Marketing Maximilian shows why Maximilian remains one of the most remarkable, innovative, and self-aggrandizing royal art patrons in European history. Silver describes how Maximilian--lacking a real capital or court center, the ability to tax, and an easily manageable territory--undertook a vast and expensive visual-media campaign to forward his extravagant claims to imperial rank, noble blood, perfect virtues, and military success. To press these claims, Maximilian patronized and often personally supervised and collaborated with the best printers, craftsmen, and artists of his time (among them no less than Albrecht Dürer) to plan and produce illustrated books, medals, heralds, armor, and an ambitious tomb monument.
South Sudan obtained independence in July 2011 as a kleptocracy — a militarized, corrupt neo-patrimonial system of governance. By the time of independence, the South Sudanese "political marketplace" ...was so expensive that the country's comparatively copious revenue was consumed by the military-political patronage system, with almost nothing left for public services, development or institution building. The efforts of national technocrats and foreign donors produced bubbles of institutional integrity but the system as a whole was entirely resistant to reform. The January 2012 shutdown of oil production bankrupted the system. Even an experienced and talented political business manager would have struggled, and President Salva Kiir did not display the required skills. No sooner had shots been fired than the compact holding the SPLA together fell apart and civil war ensued. Drawing upon long-term observation of elite politics in South Sudan, this article explains both the roots of kleptocratic government and its dire consequences.
In many young democracies, local politics remain a bastion of nondemocratic practices, from corruption to clientelism to abuse of power. In a context where these practices are widespread, will local ...politicians ever voluntarily abandon them? Focusing on the practice of clientelism in social policy in Argentina, this book argues that only the combination of a growing middle class and intense political competition leads local politicians to opt out of clientelism. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, an original public opinion survey, and cross-municipal data in Argentina, this book illustrates how clientelism works and documents the electoral gains and costs of the practice. In doing so, it points to a possible subnational path towards greater accountability within democracy.
Roman patronage was known to the Greeks in various contexts even in the period of the Third Macedonian War. The reference to it in an Abderan decree (Syll.3 656) can be dated to the 160s BC as part ...of this process. Although this date is chronologically isolated from the other instances of the term πάτρων in Greek inscriptions, in the light of our historical sources as a whole it is reasonable to treat Syll.3 656 as evidence of how the Greeks were gradually trying to respond to Roman culture and institutions through changes in their own language and terminology even before the period when Rome ruled them directly. Supplementary material is available online and comprises two appendices (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075426921000033).
Green hotels help protect the environment by performing various environmentally friendly practices. This study examines the reason constructs to provide unique insights on consumers’ motivational ...mechanisms in green hotel patronage intention. This study aims to investigate altruism value, reasons for patronage and reasons against patronage as predictors of green hotel patronage intention. This study also examines the mediating effect of both reasons in the relationship between altruism and green hotel patronage intention. The usable data of 262 respondents were collected through the distribution of questionnaire in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The results demonstrated that both reasons for and reasons against patronage have a significant influence on green hotel patronage intention. Reasons for patronage were also found to be a mediator between altruism and green hotel patronage intention. This study also shows that altruism value significantly predicts green hotel patronage intention and reasons for patronage. Thus, green hoteliers should target potential altruistic consumers and stimulate altruistic values of people. In addition, they should strengthen the reasons for patronage and address the reasons against patronage so that consumers see more value in patronising green hotels.
Este artículo presenta, mediante el análisis de documentación de archivo, en parte inédita, un análisis del inventario de dote de Gracia de Olazábal y ejemplos de sus actuaciones como promotora y ...gestora de la casa Idiáquez-Olazábal. El objetivo principal radica en otorgar visibilidad a esta dama guipuzcoana y aproximarnos a sus intervenciones en el patronazgo artístico y en los negocios familiares.
Der Beitrag ist ein Plädoyer für eine reflektierte Geschichte der politischen Patronage in der Epoche der Moderne. Im Anschluss an die deutlich avanciertere Forschung in den romanischen Ländern ...fassen wir politische Patronage als integralen Bestandteil moderner Politik und verwenden das von Wolfgang Reinhard für die Frühneuzeitgeschichte adaptierte Konzept der „Mikropolitik“. Anstelle einer oft statischen Netzwerkforschung treten wir für eine Handlungs- und Kulturgeschichte von Mikropolitik in der Moderne ein, unter Einschluss der Normen und Werte, die darin zum Ausdruck kommen. Weitgehend offen ist gegenwärtig noch die Frage, worin die mikropolitischen Spezifika dieser Epoche liegen. Folgende Merkmale scheinen uns gleichwohl charakteristisch: Mikropolitik und Patronage haben im Kontrast zur Vormoderne ein deutlich erhöhtes Legitimitätsdefizit. Die für den politischen Gabentausch zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen änderten sich zunächst mit der Industrialisierung und später mit dem Ausbau des Interventionsstaates. Neben der zuvor fast alternativlosen hierarchischen Patronage erhielt in der Moderne die horizontale Vernetzung einen Bedeutungsgewinn – aufgrund neuer Wertvorstellungen, aber auch wegen der diffuseren Verteilung von Ressourcen. Damit traten soziale Akteure aus neuen Schichten auf den Plan. Außerdem entwickelten sich erstmals seit dem 19. Jahrhundert Organisationen wie etwa Parteien oder Gewerkschaften, die ihrerseits als mikropolitische Akteure auftraten und damit das Prinzip der „Organisationspatronage“ begründeten. Schließlich gehörte zu den Kriterien der Begünstigung nunmehr auch die politische Gesinnung.
La concreción de la autoridad otorgada a la Corona española mediante el Patronato Real colisionó a menudo con la idea que las autoridades eclesiásticas tenían de su autonomía respecto al poder ...político. Este artículo analiza la importancia que tuvo este problema con un virrey que intentó reforzar la autoridad y prerrogativas reales que representaba y los enfrentamientos que se produjeron con las autoridades eclesiásticas que influyeron, en último término, en la caída del virrey y en la dureza de la sentencia que le fue impuesta.
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