This article looks at a case of a juvenile transporter, who ferried asylum seekers from Indonesia to Australia on several occasions, but was arrested and sentenced for his involvement on the last ...attempt. The reasons for exploring this case in detail are twofold. First, the use of Indonesian child labor in migrant smuggling operations is a prevalent practice. Evidence of this is particularly obvious in the large number of Indonesian children imprisoned or otherwise detained in Australia for their involvement in migrant smuggling. Second, we consider how these people fit into the smuggling-trafficking nexus before discussing the concepts of “victim” and “perpetrator” in a case where justice officials do not agree whether a juvenile transporter should be treated as an active perpetrator, and therefore punishable for migrant smuggling, or whether to treat him as a passive victim of trafficking who was deceived into carrying out the crime.
Margins of the market Mathew, Johan
2016., 20160510, 2016, 2016-06-17, Letnik:
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What is the relationship between trafficking and free trade? Is trafficking the perfection or the perversion of free trade? Trafficking occurs thousands of times each day at borders throughout the ...world, yet we have come to perceive it as something quite extraordinary. How did this happen, and what role does trafficking play in capitalism? To answer these questions, Johan Mathew traces the hidden networks that operated across the Arabian Sea in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following the entangled history of trafficking and capitalism, he explores how the Arabian Sea reveals the gaps that haunt political borders and undermine economic models. Ultimately, he shows how capitalism was forged at the margins of the free market, where governments intervened, and traffickers turned a profit.
Operation Sophia - naval mission to combat human smugglers and traffickers operating in the Mediterranean - human rights issues implicated by the territorial sea component of Operation Sophia - ...difficulty in establishing human rights jurisdiction under European human rights law - existence of a human rights protection gap - territorial sea component as a border control measure exploiting gaps un the European human rights framework - legal and policy prescriptions.
Although the partial outsourcing of state border control to non‐state actors is not a new phenomenon, Indonesia is an interesting case study. Border control in an archipelago consisting of more than ...17 000 islands is particularly challenging for state authorities. In addition to contending with the exceptional geography, Indonesia's state authorities are also challenged by the political constellation with Australia in regard to irregular cross‐border movements of asylum seekers that has become a controversial issue in recent history. As an important transit country for asylum seekers and refugees en route to Australia, Indonesia's porous borders have rendered it possible to enter and exit the country relatively easily. Given Australia's political pressure and the financial incentives offered to Indonesia to act as a ‘final bulwark’ and control irregular migration flows more effectively, border control nowadays has gained more significance in Indonesia than in the past. Yet, financial constraints and, more importantly, a lack of political will to host asylum seekers in its own territories for the long term remain as obstacles. Fieldwork observations show that due to ongoing funding restrictions for state‐led border control, state‐society cooperation for border surveillance has increased. Civilians in many hotspots for irregular border crossings have been encouraged to report on ‘suspicious foreigners’. State‐society cooperation for border control, however, offers new opportunities for people smugglers to pay off civilian spies or corrupt border authorities.
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This book explores one important aspect of international irregular migration, notably the smuggling of migrants from Asia and Africa into southern European countries. During the last two ...decades, international migration has intensified both across the East to West and South to North axis,with Europe receiving increasing numbers of migrants from developing countries in Africa and Asia (and also Latin America), and this work examinesthis international movement of people that oftentakes place illegally and involves either unlawful border crossings or overstaying (with or without a visa). The book also discusses how migration control policies in southern European countries may inadvertently shape the migrant smuggling phenomenon and the smuggling 'business'.
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ANNA TRIANDAFYLLIDOU Professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, Italy, and Senior Research Fellow at ELIAMEP in Athens, Greece. She is Visiting Professor at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium. Her recent books include: Muslims in 21st Century Europe and European Multiculturalisms . THANOS MAROUKIS Research Fellow at the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP) in Athens, Greece. His books include: Migration in 21st Century Greece and Economic Migration in Greece .
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This books explores the phenomenon of irregular migration, notably the organization and role of migrant smuggling networks in aiding irregular migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. It also discusses how migration control policies in southern European countries shape the migrant smuggling phenomenon and the smuggling 'business'.
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Includes overone hundredinterviews with smuggled migrants, policy makers, civil society actors and intermediaries of smuggling networks Explores migrant smuggling from Asia and Africa to Europe Explores how migration control policies shape migrant smuggling and the smuggling 'business'
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List of Tables, Maps and Figures Preface Acknowledgements Irregular Migration and Human Smuggling from Asia and Africa to Europe Migrant Smuggling from Africa to Spain, Italy and Malta: A Comparative Overview The South-eastern Mediterranean: The Greece-Turkey Irregular Migration System Human Smuggling from/via North Africa and Turkey to Greece Human Smuggling from/via Asia and Turkey From Greece to Europe: Migrant Smuggling from Greece Onwards Trafficking in Human Beings Migrant Smuggling: A Social Business Bibliography References Index
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This book offers a compelling account of migrant smuggling from Africa and Asia to Europe
Recent research has found that since 2001 a disproportionate number of Indonesian offenders sentenced to jail for people smuggling, both in Indonesia and Australia, are fishermen from Eastern ...Indonesia, the poorest part of the country. Based on three field trips to the Eastern Indonesian
island of Rote, a frequent departure point for asylum seekers to Australia, and semi-structured interviews, this article investigates the socio-economic backgrounds of sentenced offenders from this area to explain their high numbers amongst imprisoned people smugglers. Through the narratives
of fishermen who have been involved in the transport of asylum seekers, this article seeks to reconstruct their decision-making and risk-taking strategies in light of their generally precarious lives. Their motivations to become involved in people smuggling are correlated with two structural
problems they face, overfishing and pollution, which have exacerbated their economic situation over the last years. Understanding the local structural constraints of these impoverished fishermen helps provide a clearer understanding of why and how transnational people-smuggling networks succeed
in recruiting them. Rather than viewing the decision to become involved in people smuggling as an individual's poor judgement and its negative outcome as self-inflicted misery, this article stresses the notion of collective hyper-precariousness, which is enhanced by extrinsic factors such
as Australian policies that have further limited the meagre choices for making a living legally on Rote.
Human trafficking is an old, but increasingly complex, phenomenon. In an age of globalization and transnationalism, demand for cheap labour and services fuels a trade deeply rooted in different ...cultural and historical contexts. Human traffickers share those roots with their respective diasporas the world over. This paper examines the case for an empirical investigation, and gender-sensitive analysis, of the connections between crime networks engaged in international human trafficking and their respective diasporas in countries of transit and destination. It proposes a typology to assist research into, and analysis of, the extent to which, and how, diasporas may play a part in the processes that constitute the cross-border trade in human beings.
La migración, fenómeno constante en la historia de la humanidad, ha cobrado mayor relevancia en los últimos años. Producto de las incontables crisis económicas y de seguridad que han caracterizado a ...los países en vías de desarrollo, millones de personas han abandonado sus comunidades en busca de un mejor futuro. A la par de ello, hemos sido testigos del resurgimiento, o bien fortalecimiento, de grupos nacionalistas y de ultraderecha que promueven conductas xenófobas en los países de acogida de los migrantes. Ante este panorama, textos como Migración y Seguridad Fronteriza se vuelven lecturas obligadas para quienes aspiran a comprender la complejidad inherente a estos movimientos humanos.
A partir de los relatos y experiencias de migrantes, coyotes, narcotraficantes, consumidores de sustancias, mujeres traficadas para el comercio sexual, empleadores de migrantes ilegales, entre otros, las y los autores hacen una aportación invaluable al estudio de la migración y la violencia que comúnmente la acompaña. (Dr. David Moreno Candil. Profesor-Investigador de la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, México. Miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores). Texto de la editorial
This article’s objective is to expose the rhetorical source of the heavy irony in Australia’s immigration detention regime. The observer might wonder why an isolated and vast land could be so ...concerned at, and afraid of, small groups of “boat people.” Therefore, the paper poses the question as to what reasoning and public policy purposes might underlie the successful public rhetoric vilifying “boat people,” creating the construct of “people smuggling” and demanding military operations to “turn back the boats.” It tries to correlate with a likely state desire to resurrect the old laws of attainder, civil death and outlawry, in order to create a slave-class of displaced migrants, for solely state interests and purposes. In addressing the question structurally, discussion begins with a brief look at the Australian law. Argument then concentrates on the originating negotiations in the international high councils. After this, the article looks at instances of people smuggling rhetoric in Canada, also addressing briefly the United States law. Then there is a section on modern rhetorical analysis, which argument tries to use to explain what might underlie these government methods. The paper briefs the reader on the old laws of civil death, outlawry and attainder in Australia, with a view to a contextual assessment as to whether they are really what underlie the draconian outcomes of Australia’s human trafficking and people smuggling laws and policies. The research outcome will likely suggest that conveniences to the state such as efficiency in policing, removing likely political opposition from new arrivals, avoiding any dilution of the local culture and skirting unwanted international rights are most likely to be the real state intent.
Contemporary liberal states are eager to combat 'human trafficking', which state actors describe as 'the scourge of modern slavery' and a violation of human rights. The same states are also depriving ...migrants of their freedom on an unprecedented scale through immigration detention, forcibly moving them across borders through deportation, and sustaining a flourishing industry in the prevention and control of human movement. This is not a paradox. The ambition to eradicate 'slavery', as much as the desire to severely restrict freedom of movement, reflects a concern to preserve and extend state powers, in particular its monopoly on violence and on the control of mobility.
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