Just as periscopes allow a submarine to visually search for objects above the surface of the sea, in a reversed periscope fashion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) can analyze the compounds at ...the gas phase/liquid phase interface for chemical entities which may exist in solution. The challenge is the identification and structural characterization of key elusive reaction intermediates in chemical transformations, intermediates which are able to explain how chemical processes occur. This Minireview summarizes recent selected publications on the use of ESI‐MS techniques for studying solution intermediates of homogeneous chemical reactions.
Periscope depth: Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) is a powerful tool for studying reaction mechanisms. The reverse‐periscope concept is proposed to exemplify the potential of ESI‐MS to analyze the gas/liquid interface and identify reaction intermediates present in solution. Mechanisms of complex reactions, such as multicomponent reactions, organocatalyzed reactions, and homogeneous metal catalysis, can be studied in detail.
Submarine control interfaces are developed with the assumption that the most important sources of variability are system and environment related. This study attempts to investigate the contribution ...of human sources of variability not related to the system or environment. In particular, this work focuses on criterion variability in initial contact decisions. Consistent with our understanding of signal detection theory as it relates to human decision making, we found significant variability in decisions caused by differences in response criterion/bias. We also found that the likelihood that stimuli matched a participant’s direction of bias affected their decisions in the direction of their criterion/bias. The results indicate the importance of criterion variability as a measured parameter for decisions requiring levels of situational awareness beyond simple detection.
The impact of tracking errors over the vibration interference is investigated. A novel expression is presented for the bidirectional laser tracking mechanism which takes in account both periscope ...communication terminal and beam acquisition process with beaconless technology. In this paper, platform microvibrations are measured and compensated to improve the tracking characteristics of the optical communication terminal. An experiment was conducted to verify the high precision tracking system with the combination of coarse and fine tracking technologies, which represents that the fine tracking error is suppressed to 2.1 μrad. This high precision implementation demonstrates the effectiveness of the tracking control loop, and will contribute to the space laser communication.
A simple and efficient two-dimensional multifocus confocal Raman microspectroscopy featuring the tilted-array technique is demonstrated. Raman scattering from a 4 × 4 square foci array passing ...through a 4 × 4 confocal pinhole array is tilted with a periscope. The tilted array of Raman scattering signals is dispersed by an imaging spectrograph onto a CCD detector, giving 16 independent Raman spectra formed as 16 bands with different heights on the sensor. Use of a state-of-the-art imaging spectrograph enables high-precision wavenumber duplicability of the 16 spectra. This high duplicability makes the simultaneously obtained spectra endurable for multivariate spectral analyses, which is demonstrated by a singular value decomposition analysis for Raman spectra of liquid indene. Although the present implementation attains only 16 measurement points, the number of points can be extended to larger than 100 without any technical leaps. Limit of parallelization depends on the interval of measurement points as well as the performance of the optical system. Criteria for finding the maximum feasible number are discussed.
The separation of the sound and control rooms in Royal Navy submarines seems to be artefactually reducing the effectiveness of information transition and the overall productivity of the team. A ...proposed integrated sound and control room was tested in three scenarios: Return to Periscope Depth (RTPD), Inshore Operations (INSO) and Dived Tracking (DT). The activities and communications of a team of serving submariners were recorded in a control room, in a single case study design, comparing co-location and reduced crewing with a baseline of the separate sound and control room configurations that is representative of current submarines. The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method was used to examine changes in social, information and task networks. In general terms, the co-location of the submariner team led to more efficient communication and completion of tasks. Reducing the crew was more challenging in the higher demand scenarios.
Practitioner Summary: There are constraints acting on control rooms, both in terms of physical space and crew size. This study compared conventional control room with co-location and reduced crew in turn. Teamwork improved in the collocated control room but the reduced crew struggled most under conditions of high demand.
Abbreviations: DT: dived tracking; EAST: event analysis for systemic teamwork; H: high; INSO: inshore operations; L: low; OOW: office of the watch; OpsO: operations officer; Peri: periscope operator; RTPD: return to periscope depth; RN: royal navy; SoC: sonar controller; SoP: sonar operator; TMA: time-motion analyst
Objective:
The aim of this study was to use multiple command teams to provide empirical evidence for understanding communication flow, information pertinence, and tasks undertaken in a submarine ...control room when completing higher- and lower-demand inshore operation (INSO) scenarios.
Background:
The focus of submarine operations has changed, and submarines are increasingly required to operate in costal littoral zones. However, submarine command team performance during INSO is not well understood, particularly from a sociotechnical systems perspective.
Method:
A submarine control-room simulator was built. The creation of networked workstations allowed a team of nine operators to perform tasks completed by submarine command teams during INSO. The Event Analysis of Systematic Teamwork method was used to model the social, task, and information networks and to describe command team performance. Ten teams were recruited for the study, affording statistical comparisons of how command-team roles and level of demand affected performance.
Results:
Results indicated that the submarine command-team members are required to rapidly integrate sonar and visual data as the periscope is used, periodically, in a “duck-and-run” fashion, to maintain covertness. The fusion of such information is primarily completed by the operations officer (OPSO), with this operator experiencing significantly greater demand than any other operator.
Conclusion:
The OPSO was a bottleneck in the command team when completing INSO, experiencing similar load in both scenarios, suggesting that the command team may benefit from data synthesis tasks being more evenly distributed within the command team.
Application:
The work can inform future control-room design and command-team ways of working by identifying bottlenecks in terms of information and task flow between operators.
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