Moral judgments and emotional reactions to sociomoral violations are heavily impacted by a perpetrator's intentions and desires, which pose a threat to social harmony. Given that older adults are ...more motivated to maintain interpersonal harmony relative to younger adults, older adults may be more reactive to malicious desires. In three studies, we investigated adult age differences in moral judgments and emotional reactions to sociomoral violations. In all studies, participants read scenarios in which a perpetrator either (a) desired to harm another but nothing happened, or (b) harmed another accidentally without malicious desire. Study 2 incorporated additional scenarios designed to evoke anger and disgust without explicitly implicating another person to evaluate whether age differences emerge only when sociomoral violations against another are salient. In Study 3, we examined the combined effects of malicious desires and harmful outcomes by including scenarios in which (a) harmful desires were coupled with harmful outcomes, and (b) benign desires were coupled with benign outcomes. Predominantly across the studies, older adults judged perpetrators who desired to harm another more harshly but judged perpetrators who accidentally harmed another more leniently than younger adults. Emotional reactions generally corresponded with the differences in judgments. Taken together, this work suggests that desires more strongly impact older relative to younger adults' judgments and emotional reactions in sociomoral contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Fremstillingen av nazismens gjerningspersoner har endret seg over tid. De første årene etter andre verdenskrigs slutt ble aktørene som utførte Hitler-Tysklands masseforbrytelser, beskrevet som ...patologiske avvikere og sosiale tapere. I 1960- og 1970-årene koplet historikerne Holocaust og nazismen nært sammen med det moderne byråkratiet. Den såkalte skrivebordsmorderen fikk status som den «typiske» naziforbryteren. De siste årene har forskere tilskrevet raseideologien og antisemittismen større betydning. Denne artikkelen gir en oversikt over utviklingstrekk innen det som på tysk omtales som Täterforschung: forskning på nazismens gjerningspersoner. Samtidig søker den å skissere hvor forskningen på dette feltet står i dag.
The Sociology of Gaslighting Sweet, Paige L.
American sociological review,
10/2019, Letnik:
84, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Gaslighting—a type of psychological abuse aimed at making victims seem or feel “crazy,” creating a “surreal” interpersonal environment—has captured public attention. Despite the popularity of the ...term, sociologists have ignored gaslighting, leaving it to be theorized by psychologists. However, this article argues that gaslighting is primarily a sociological rather than a psychological phenomenon. Gaslighting should be understood as rooted in social inequalities, including gender, and executed in power-laden intimate relationships. The theory developed here argues that gaslighting is consequential when perpetrators mobilize genderbased stereotypes and structural and institutional inequalities against victims to manipulate their realities. Using domestic violence as a strategic case study to identify the mechanisms via which gaslighting operates, I reveal how abusers mobilize gendered stereotypes; structural vulnerabilities related to race, nationality, and sexuality; and institutional inequalities against victims to erode their realities. These tactics are gendered in that they rely on the association of femininity with irrationality. Gaslighting offers an opportunity for sociologists to theorize under-recognized, gendered forms of power and their mobilization in interpersonal relationships.
Although the Internet has transformed the way our world operates, it has also served as a venue for cyberbullying, a serious form of misbehavior among youth. With many of today's youth experiencing ...acts of cyberbullying, a growing body of literature has begun to document the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of this behavior, but the literature is highly fragmented and lacks theoretical focus. Therefore, our purpose in the present article is to provide a critical review of the existing cyberbullying research. The general aggression model is proposed as a useful theoretical framework from which to understand this phenomenon. Additionally, results from a meta-analytic review are presented to highlight the size of the relationships between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, as well as relationships between cyberbullying and other meaningful behavioral and psychological variables. Mixed effects meta-analysis results indicate that among the strongest associations with cyberbullying perpetration were normative beliefs about aggression and moral disengagement, and the strongest associations with cyberbullying victimization were stress and suicidal ideation. Several methodological and sample characteristics served as moderators of these relationships. Limitations of the meta-analysis include issues dealing with causality or directionality of these associations as well as generalizability for those meta-analytic estimates that are based on smaller sets of studies (k < 5). Finally, the present results uncover important areas for future research. We provide a relevant agenda, including the need for understanding the incremental impact of cyberbullying (over and above traditional bullying) on key behavioral and psychological outcomes.
El estudio de la palabra de los perpetradores de crímenes de masa conlleva desafíos epistemológicos y teóricos específicos. El presente artículo se propone aportar algunas claves conceptuales y ...metodológicas a partir de la revisión integral de una extensa investigación realizada colectivamente sobre declaraciones de represores de la dictadura argentina que hablaron públicamente entre 1976 y 2018. Para ello, se abordan tres ejes sustantivos: primero, los procesos sociales de construcción de la figura del perpetrador y su constitución como objeto de estudio para las ciencias sociales; segundo, la palabra de los perpetradores en sus dimensiones representacional, performativa y “veritativa”; y tercero, los marcos temporales en que se encuadran estos discursos, para atender a las maneras en que son socialmente producidos, demandados y escuchados en diversos contextos. El planteo teórico-metodológico aquí desarrollado busca abandonar las perspectivas descriptivas, esencialistas y naturalizantes, y abordar las distintas aristas de un fenómeno que es sociológicamente relacional, históricamente multitemporal y éticamente dilemático.
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change predicts that patients go through different stages of change prior to changing their problematic behavior. This study aims to evaluate the utility ...and validity of this model in a sample of 549 court-ordered partner violent men. Three types of perpetrators with respect to their readiness to change were revealed. Those in more advantage stage of change use more processes to change their problem and present with higher levels of intimate partner violence (IPV). Low readiness to change levels and treatment drop-out predict short-term criminal justice recidivism, while treatment drop-out predicts medium and long-term recidivism. Results highlight the applicability of the TTM in IPV and its usefulness in designing behavioral interventions with this population.
Background and objective: Bullying is being increasing day by day among health care professionals and specially nursing students (NS) are victimized due to their novelty in nursing profession. The ...objectives of this study were to find out frequencies of bullying behavior and its association with sources (perpetrators), and coping strategies among NS in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was conducted among NS and study setting was Dow (institute of Nursing and Midwifery) University of Health Sciences Karachi, Pakistan. Study duration was three months. Inclusion Criteria: NS who were bullied at least in the last 03 months. Exclusion criteria: unwilling participants and those who were absent at the time of data collection. Data was collected through an adapted questionnaire. The data was analyzed and entered into the SPSS version 26. Mean, standard deviations and percentages were used to analyze different forms, frequencies of bully behavior. A chi-square test was used to find the association of forms of bully behavior with sources(perpetrators), and coping strategies of bully.
Result: Out of 300 NS, 64% of the NS were bullied repetitively at clinical duties and 45% were occasionally bullied at the nursing institute. Most frequent source of bully was seniors (57.0%) and a largely NS (51.7%) using coping strategy by overlooking bully which is significantly (p-value <0.05 ) associated with types of bully behavior.
Conclusion: Present study highlighted that NS were experienced various forms of bully and mainly were bullied by seniors at clinicals and mostly they have overlooked bully incidence.
The nature of the consequences of knowledge hiding, defined as an intentional attempt to withhold knowledge that has been requested, and the mechanisms through which knowledge hiding affects outcomes ...are undertheorized. In this research, we propose that knowledge hiding can evoke guilt and shame in the knowledge hiding perpetrator. We zoom into the three types of knowledge hiding – evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding – and predict that the more deceptive knowledge hiding types, namely evasive hiding and playing dumb, evoke stronger feelings of guilt and shame than rationalized hiding. We further argue that guilt and shame trigger differential emotion‐based reparatory mechanisms, such that guilt induces the motivation to correct one's transgressions through organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), whereas shame induces the tendency to withdraw after hiding knowledge, as reflected in lower levels of OCB. We test the proposed positive indirect relation between knowledge hiding and OCB via guilt, and the proposed negative indirect relation via shame in a scenario‐based experiment and a two‐wave field study. The studies provided support for most of our hypotheses. We discuss how the proposed emotion pathway can facilitate nuanced theorizing about consequences of knowledge hiding for different types of negative emotions and subsequent compensatory work behaviours.
Practitioner points
Hiding knowledge from colleagues can lead to experiences of guilt and shame. Playing dumb (in contrast to evasive hiding and rationalized hiding) in particular elicits these negative emotional experiences. Practitioners should therefore aim to prevent knowledge hiding, and especially playing dumb, in organizations.
Guilt and shame elicit differential action tendencies in knowledge hiding perpetrators, which entails that negative emotions as a result of playing dumb can sometimes lead to positive behavioural consequences.
To effectively manage the consequences of knowledge hiding, practitioners should try to elicit constructive negative emotions (guilt) rather than destructive emotions (shame) as a reaction to employees' knowledge hiding. This can facilitate employees' compensation for their transgressions through organizational citizenship behaviour, rather than withdrawal from the situation.
The present study looked at child sexual abuse (CSA) from the perpetrator's perspective, focusing on precursors to, sustaining mechanisms, and inhibitors of CSA. Individuals serving sentences for ...sexual abuse of children under the age of 16 were interviewed (N = 8). A qualitative design using interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed. Negative childhood events such as poly-victimization, poor social skills, loneliness, and insecure sexual identity were reported as predisposing elements. Abuse was sustained due to a strong conviction of not being responsible for doing anything wrong. Respondents conveyed few salient inhibitors for the abuse, though not wanting to physically harm the child was often cited as important. Implications for the prevention of CSA in risk groups suggest the need to increase the understanding of children from a child's perspective, changing conceptions leading to disavowal of adult responsibility toward children, strengthening social competency, integration into a social context, and increasing knowledge about the harmful consequences of CSA.
Prior research on Child Protective Services (CPS) involvement among at-risk youth focuses on their roles as parents perpetrating maltreatment against biological offspring. Given family complexity and ...assortative partnering, measuring all CPS involvement – as perpetrators and non-offending parents of victims – provides new insight into intergenerational maltreatment patterns.
Our objective was to investigate the risk of multiple forms of parent or perpetrator CPS involvement (PP-CPS) by age 25, among those exposed to three forms of adversity in their late teens (at ages 14–17): alleged victim on a CPS investigation, out-of-home care (OHC), and poverty.
We used a sample of 36,475 individuals born in 1990–1991 from the Wisconsin Data Core longitudinal administrative database, and tracked their involvement in CPS, OHC, and the food assistance program (SNAP) over time. Our sample consisted of individuals who, at ages 14–17, met one of the following criteria: were in OHC; had CPS involvement as a victim but no OHC (CPSV group), or received food assistance without CPSV or OHC (SNAP group).
Using logistic regression, we modeled four forms of PP-CPS involvement: parent-perpetrator, resident parent non-perpetrator, nonresident parent non-perpetrator, and non-biological parent-perpetrator.
Predicted risks of any PP-CPS involvement by age 25 were 10 % (SNAP group), 17–22 % (CPSV group), and 26–33 % (OHC group); among OHC youth known to have a biological child, rates exceeded 40 %. The proportion of CPS involvement that involved parent-perpetration varied substantially by sex and adversity type.
Focusing only on intergenerational maltreatment in which the parents are the perpetrators may substantially understate the risk of maltreatment recurring across generations.
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