The present study aimed to investigate the need for and utility of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) Deviant Responding (DR) and Virtuous Responding (VR) validity scales in ...identifying overreporting and underreporting, respectively. Since the PPI-R was published, there has not been an independent peer-reviewed examination of these scales. Participants were 384 undergraduate individuals asked to respond to the PPI-R under standard, underreporting, or overreporting instructions. A comparison group consisting of 200 forensic psychiatric patients was also used for the overreporting analyses. Effects of response bias on mean elevations on the PPI-R substantive scales were examined along with the effects on the PPI-R total, factor, and content scales' correlations with other relevant extratest measures of psychopathy. Mean elevations differed significantly, and correlations with extratest measures of psychopathy were significantly lower. Substantial decrement in psychometric validity of PPI-R scores was observed in the simulation conditions. In addition, the utility of the PPI-R validity scales in differentiating between groups was also determined. Both the VR and DR scales showed utility in differentiating between their respective dissimulation condition and the comparison groups, with acceptable rates of sensitivity and specificity.
Very Happy People Diener, Ed; Seligman, Martin E. P.
Psychological science,
01/2002, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A sample of 222 undergraduates was screened for high happiness using multiple confirming assessment filters. We compared the upper 10% of consistently very happy people with average and very unhappy ...people. The very happy people were highly social, and had stronger romantic and other social relationships than less happy groups. They were more extraverted, more agreeable, and less neurotic, and scored lower on several psychopathology scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Compared with the less happy groups, the happiest respondents did not exercise significantly more, participate in religious activities significantly more, or experience more objectively defined good events. No variable was sufficient for happiness, but good social relations were necessary. Members of the happiest group experienced positive, but not ecstatic, feelings most of the time, and they reported occasional negative moods. This suggests that very happy people do have a functioning emotion system that can react appropriately to life events.
Although narcissistic individuals are generally perceived as arrogant and overly dominant, they are particularly skilled at radiating an ¡ mage of a prototypically effective leader. As a result, they ...tend to emerge as leaders in group settings. Despite people's positive perceptions of narcissists as leaders, it was previously unknown if and how leaders' narcissism is related to the performance of the people they lead. In this study, we used a hidden-profile paradigm to investigate this question and found evidence for discordance between the positive image of narcissists as leaders and the reality of group performance. We hypothesized and found that although narcissistic leaders are perceived as effective because of their displays of authority, a leader's narcissism actually inhibits information exchange between group members and thereby negatively affects group performance. Our findings thus indicate that perceptions and reality can be at odds and have important practical and theoretical implications.
Hacia un modelo universal de los intereses Cirino Gerena, Gabriel; Ortiz Labiosa, Luisa M.
Revista interamericana de psicología,
2019, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Los modelos de la estructura de los intereses basados en análisis factoriales no han resultado satisfactorios. Varios modelos postulan las dimensiones de personas, cosas, datos e ideas, basados en ...la teoría de Roe, pero dicha teoría no ha recibido suficiente apoyo empírico. Usamos la teoría del autor que sugiere las mismas dimensiones que Roe y ha tenido apoyo empírico, por lo que es una mejor base para un modelo de intereses. El autor sugiere que los intereses son conceptos sobre actividades, los cuales surgen en la niñez como parte del desarrollo cognitivo. Además, sugiere que estos conceptos pudieran ser universales, dado a que hacen referencia a aspectos de la realidad.
► Two studies disagreed on the existence of a general factor of personality (GFP). ► Using the methods of the one with the data of the other, a GFP was obtained. ► It held across broad and narrow ...scales and self- and others’ reports. ► Theories of the origin of a GFP were discussed.
Two recent analyses addressing the generality of a general factor of personality (GFP) across different personality inventories came to markedly different conclusions. By applying the methods used by the one that found a GFP to the data used by the one that did not, it was shown that a substantial GFP could be obtained in the latter case. It was also shown that similar GFPs could be derived from sets of more broadly or more narrowly defined questionnaire scales, or from self- and others’ reports on a given inventory. Finally, it was shown that a GFP defined from eight personality inventories showed a modest degree of correlation with criterion variables such as ratings by others and act-frequency clusters.
In this article, we make two points about the ongoing debate concerning the purported increase in narcissistic tendencies in college students over the last 30 years. First, we show that when new data ...on narcissism are folded into preexisting metaanalytic data, there is no increase in narcissism in college students over the last few decades. Second, we show, in contrast, that age changes in narcissism are both replicable and comparatively large in comparison to generational changes in narcissism. This leads to the conclusion that every generation is Generation Me, as every generation of younger people are more narcissistic than their elders.
The self-presentation tactics of candidates during job interviews and on personality inventories have been a focal topic in selection research. The current study investigated self-presentation across ...these two selection devices. Specifically, we examined whether candidates who use impression management (IM) tactics during an interview show more faking on a personality inventory and whether the relation to job performance is similar for both forms of self-presentation. Data were collected in a simulated selection process with an interview under applicant conditions and a personality inventory that was administered under applicant conditions and thereafter for research purposes. Because all participants were employed, we were also able to collect job performance ratings from their supervisors. Candidates who used IM in the interview also showed more faking in a personality inventory. Importantly, faking was positively related to supervisors' job performance ratings, but IM was unrelated. Hence, this study gives rise to arguments for a more balanced view of self-presentation.
What are personality traits? Are all “broad” traits equally broad in the constructs they encompass and in the pervasiveness of their effects? Or are some traits more or less affective, behavioral, or ...cognitive in nature? The present study examined these issues as they applied to the Big 5 traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Expert and novice raters judged the extent to which items from four popular Big 5 inventories contain behavioral, cognitive, or affective components. Traits and inventories were then compared in terms of their relative assessment of these components. Results indicate convergence among inventories but remarkable differences between traits. These findings have implications for the conceptualization and assessment of traits and suggest directions for future research.
► Various kinds of generality of a General Factor of Personality (GFP) were examined. ► Longitudinal data from the 35-year Texas Adoption Project were used. ► GFPs were studied across ages and for ...different questionnaires and ratings. ► Genetically related and unrelated individuals within families were compared.
Using data from samples of 300 and 220 adoptive families from the Texas Adoption Project, aspects of generality of a “General Factor of Personality” (GFP) were examined: across different personality inventories, across different levels of analysis (items, scales) within an inventory, across self- and others’ judgments, and across sexes, ages, and generations. Considerable, though not complete, generality was found. The average correlation between GFPs from items and scales of a given inventory was .90; between GFPs from the scales of different inventories was .48. Also examined were the heritability of a GFP, its degree of correlation with a general cognitive factor, and its ability to predict real-life criteria such as educational level, marital stability, and substance abuse.
This paper provides a new TB-APR approach, using a projective test to build a corpus. The research of Personality Computing shows that it is possible to recognize personality automatically from texts ...(TB-APR), using paradigms of supervised learning. As concerns these paradigms, texts need to be labeled by psychometric instruments and, in order to realize this task, personality inventories are used. Personality inventories display great facilities for application and correction, but they do not evince efficient ways of controlling intentional or non-conscious omissions of undesired personality characteristics by the individual, which may explain the low correlations found in literature regarding TB-APR models. In this article, we propose the labeling of a textual corpus using the Z-test projective instrument, in order to mitigate the limitations of inventories, since it is very sensitive and offers the possibility of collective application. The proposed model used bag-of-words techniques, with some state of art machine learning inductors. The results are promising, with AUC-ROC on 0.85 average.
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