IntroductionThe personality construct of psychopathy consists of severe deficits in behavior, emotion and cognition, often categorized in the two dimensions affective-interpersonal and ...antisocial-lifestyle. Research indicates that a lack of anxiety and fear play an important role in psychopathic personalities. Understanding the interplay of psychopathic traits, fear and threat processing and reactive behavior is important due to its implications for risky and potentially antisocial behavior.ObjectivesWe conducted a mixed reality study using the elevated plus-maze in a non-clinical sample to test anxiety-related behavior in correlation to psychopathic personality traits. Our hypothesis was that higher psychopathy would lead to higher expression of risky behavior and, thus, to longer time on open arms, higher number of entries to open arms and reduced latency for a first visit on open arms and for open arm endexploration.MethodsHealthy volunteers were recruited (N=170) and completed the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSSV), the Acrophobia Questionnaire (AQ), and the Brief Questionnaire of Psychopathic Personality Traits. The included subjects were tested on the human elevated plus-maze, which consists of a physical life-sized wooden platform and its representation in a virtual environment. Data recording was performed via the virtual reality tracking system (HTC Vive Base Station®, Seattle, USA) and custom soft-ware (A+ cross®) using the following parameters: total time spent on open arms (time on open arms), number of entries to open arms, latency for the first entry of an open arm (latency 1st visit) and time until subjects reach the end of an open arm (latency endexploration).Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R software (R version 4.0.2). Pearson correlation was performed to assess associations between psychopathic traits and measures of anxiety-related constructs.ResultsReduced levels of anxiety were associated with higher psychopathic traits. This was reflected in a correlation between the PPT sum score and all measures of anxiety-like behavior on the EPM (time on open arms: R = .29, p < 0.001; number of entries to open arms: R = .32, p < 0.001; latency 1st visit: R = -.29, p < 0.001; latency endexploration: R = -.30, p < 0.001). Psychopathic traits were also negatively correlated with subjective levels of anxiety on the EPM (R = -.23, p = 0.004). Sensation seeking (SSSV) (R =.33, p < 0.001) but not general levels of acrophobia (ACQ) (R = -.13, p = 0.11) were moreover associated with psychopathic personality traits.ConclusionsIn light of the ongoing discussion, our results demonstrate a correlation between psychopathic personality traits and anxiety-related behavior in a non-clinical sample. This supports the theory of a lack of fear in psychopathy and may influence risky and potentially harmful behavior in this population.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Abstract
The study analyzes the development and improvement of physical qualities in modern sports and examines the optimal parameters in general and individual training of boxers. The paper ...describes a pedagogical experiment to explore the effectiveness of the author’s methodology for the development and improvement of physical qualities considering boxers’ personality traits. The experiment involved 30 boxers from the national team of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is among the strongest teams in the world (15 people in the experimental and 15 people in the control group). The experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in 7 out of 9 dimensions: pull-up on the bar (
t
= 2.927;
P
≤ 0.01), bench press from the chest (
t
= 2.253;
P
≤ 0. 05), weight push from the chest in front (
t
= 3.467;
P
≤ 0.01), 100 m run (
t
= 3.100;
P
≤ 0.01), jump from a place (
t
= 2.444;
P
≤ 0.05), 1st 400 m run (
t
= 2.654;
P
≤ 0.01) and 2nd 400 m run (
t
= 2.354;
P
≤ 0.05). The experimental group significantly surpassed its background results and the control group’s results in seven indicators of physical fitness out of nine. This fact suggests that the author’s experimental technique effectively improves the physical qualities of highly skilled boxers. A two-way analysis of variance showed higher efficiency of improving physical qualities when using the author’s methodology and the absence of differences between different weight categories. The study can be of practical use for sports coaches and psychologists who want to improve the physical qualities of athletes, following the methodology proposed by the author. In addition, the materials of this work can be useful in studying the management of performance and creating a favorable psychological climate for improving physical qualities of boxers, considering the characteristics of an athlete’s personality.
Life Events and Personality Trait Change Bleidorn, Wiebke; Hopwood, Christopher J.; Lucas, Richard E.
Journal of personality,
February 2018, Letnik:
86, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Objective
Theory and research have emphasized the impact of life events on personality trait change. In this article, we review prospective research on personality trait change in response to nine ...major life events in the broader domains of love and work.
Method
We expected to find that life events lead to personality trait change to the extent that they have a lasting influence on individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Moreover, we predicted that love‐related life events such as marriage or parenthood would be more strongly related to changes in traits that emphasize affective content, whereas work‐related life events would be more likely to lead to change in traits that reflect behavioral or cognitive content.
Results
The current state of research provided some evidence that life events can lead to changes in personality traits and that different life events may be differently related to specific trait domains.
Conclusions
A more general conclusion emerging from this review is that the evidence for the nature, shape, and timing of personality trait change in response to life events is still preliminary. We discuss the implications of the results for theory and research and provide directions for future studies on life events and personality trait change.
Decades of research document individual differences in prosocial behavior using controlled experiments that model social interactions in situations of interdependence. However, theoretical and ...empirical integration of the vast literature on the predictive validity of personality traits to account for these individual differences is missing. Here, we present a theoretical framework that identifies 4 broad situational affordances across interdependent situations (i.e., exploitation, reciprocity, temporal conflict, and dependence under uncertainty) and more specific subaffordances within certain types of interdependent situations (e.g., possibility to increase equality in outcomes) that can determine when, which, and how personality traits should be expressed in prosocial behavior. To test this framework, we meta-analyzed 770 studies reporting on 3,523 effects of 8 broad and 43 narrow personality traits on prosocial behavior in interdependent situations modeled in 6 commonly studied economic games (Dictator Game, Ultimatum Game, Trust Game, Prisoner's Dilemma, Public Goods Game, and Commons Dilemma). Overall, meta-analytic correlations ranged between −.18 ≤ ρ̂ ≤ .26, and most traits yielding a significant relation to prosocial behavior had conceptual links to the affordances provided in interdependent situations, most prominently the possibility for exploitation. Moreover, for several traits, correlations within games followed the predicted pattern derived from a theoretical analysis of affordances. On the level of traits, we found that narrow and broad traits alike can account for prosocial behavior, informing the bandwidth-fidelity problem. In sum, the meta-analysis provides a theoretical foundation that can guide future research on prosocial behavior and advance our understanding of individual differences in human prosociality.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analysis provides a theoretical framework and empirical test identifying when, how, and which of 51 personality traits account for individual variation in prosocial behavior. The meta-analysis shows that the relations between personality traits and prosocial behavior can be understood in terms of a few situational affordances (e.g., a possibility for exploitation, a possibility for reciprocity, dependence on others under uncertainty) that allow specific traits to become expressed in behavior across a variety of interdependent situations. As such, the meta-analysis provides a theoretical basis for understanding individual differences in prosocial behavior in various situations that individuals face in their everyday social interactions.
Abstract
Introduction
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder in adults. Primary Insomnia (PI) can be specified in cases where the insomnia symptoms cannot be overtly attributed to medical, psychiatric, ...or environmental reasons. Although the underlying predisposing causes of insomnia are unclear, one possible contributing factor may be personality traits. To date no consensus on the relationship between insomnia and personality has been determined, although many studies have found a general association with neuroticism. To better explore these associations, this study compared NEO Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits with measures of subjective sleep in PIs and Good Sleeper (GS) controls.
Methods
Nine PI and nine GS matched for age, sex, and education were studied. Each participant was administered the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and NEO FFM. Participants also completed a sleep diary for 1-week. ANOVAs compared PI vs GS on ISI, PSQI, NEO FFM, and 7-day averaged data from the sleep diary. Lastly, sleep variables were collapsed across groups and Pearson correlations were run to explore the relationship between sleep and personality.
Results
PIs (4M/5F, age=39.6+/-10.1, education=16.0+/-1.7) and GSs (4M/5F, age=38.6+/-7, education=15.1+/-1.5) showed significant differences in ISI (p<.001) and PSQI (p<.001) total scores. Additionally, the groups differed on diary measures of total sleep (p=.001), sleep efficiency (SE: p<.001), sleep latency (p=.005), and wake after sleep onset (p<.001). On the NEO FFM only the Agreeableness domain was found to differentiate the two groups (p=.004). Pearson correlations found significant negative relationships for Agreeableness with ISI (r= -.625/p=.006), PSQI (r= -.611/p=.007), and a significant positive relationship with SE from the sleep diary (r=.602/p=.008).
Conclusion
In a small but well-matched study of PI and GS, significant differences in Agreeableness on the NEO FFM were observed. Lower levels of agreeableness were associated with poorer sleep on the ISI and PSQI, and lower SE on the sleep diaries. Unlike other published reports this study did not find a relationship between insomnia and neuroticism, which may reflect the use of a well-screened Primary Insomnia sample with limited comorbidities. Future research should determine if other insomnia subtypes (e.g., psychophysiological, paradoxical insomnia) are associated with different personality profiles.
Support (if any):
Abstract
Introduction
Greater neuroticism and lower conscientiousness are linked to poorer nighttime sleep among older adults, but little is known about the association between personality and ...daytime sleep. Napping increases in older adulthood, and napping has been linked to health outcomes, including cognitive impairment. Thus, it is important to extend personality and sleep research to investigate napping behavior. We examined the association between personality and napping in a nationally representative cohort of older adults.
Methods
We studied 742 adults aged ≥65 years from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) who completed the sleep and personality modules in NHATS rounds 3 or 4 (2013–2014). Personality dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) were assessed by the Midlife Development Inventory Personality Scales. Participants reported nap frequency over the past month (most days or everyday nappers-frequent; some days nappers-infrequent; rarely/never non-nappers); napping intention (intentional/unintentional); and average nap duration (coded as ≤40 minutes short; and >40 minutes long, consistent with previous studies). Personality dimensions were included together in all models. Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, education, and BMI, and Model 2 further adjusted for anxiety and depression, comorbidities, sleep medications, and nighttime sleep duration. Only nappers were included in models with nap frequency, intention, or duration as outcomes (n=387).
Results
There were no personality differences between nappers and non-nappers. Among nappers, however, higher neuroticism was associated with lower odds of frequent naps (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.55,0.97), and higher agreeableness was associated with greater odds of unintentional napping (OR=1.95, 95% CI:1.12, 3.41) and lower odds of long nap duration (OR=0.54, 95% CI:0.33, 0.90) in Model 1. Associations remained in Model 2. Higher neuroticism was also associated with greater odds of long nap duration in Model 1 (OR=1.40, 95% CI:1.03, 1.91), but not after further adjustment in Model 2.
Conclusion
This is, to our knowledge, the first study examining the association between personality and daytime napping behaviors among a large sample of older adults, extending the literature on personality and nighttime sleep in this population. Because napping behaviors are associated with health outcomes, personality may be an important factor to consider in interventions addressing napping.
Support (if any)
NIH grant 5T32MH014592-39
The article describes the process of adaptation of the Big Five Inventory--2 into the Slovak language and cultural context. The translation process of the Slovak BFI-2 was based on three data samples ...using item analysis and basic psychometric properties. The present study estimates the psychometric properties of the Slovak BFI-2 and its hierarchical structure using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample of 526 participants recruited through an online research panel. It also provides data on convergent-discriminant validity in relation to alternative Big Five measures (NEO-FFI, TIPI) and to standard well-being measures. The results showed good internal consistency on the domain level, and somewhat lower on the facet level. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses successfully recovered the conceptual structure of the Slovak BFI-2. The BFI-2 domains and facets showed adequate convergent-discriminant validity, based on the meaningful pattern of correlations with the other Big Five measures and well-being scales. These findings suggest that the Slovak version of the BFI-2 is a reliable and valid measure of the Big Five personality traits, and is appropriate for use in Slovak and cross-cultural research. Key words: BFI-2, Big Five personality traits, psychometric adaptation
Personality Across the Life Span Costa, Paul T; McCrae, Robert R; Löckenhoff, Corinna E
Annual review of psychology,
01/2019, Letnik:
70, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Trait stability and maturation are fundamental principles of contemporary personality psychology and have been shown to hold across many cultures. However, it has proven difficult to move beyond ...these general findings to a detailed account of trait development. There are pervasive and unexplained inconsistencies across studies that may be due to (
a
) insufficient attention to measurement error, (
b
) subtle but age-sensitive differences in alternative measures of the same trait, or (
c
) different perspectives reflected in self-reports and observer ratings. Multiscale, multimethod-and ideally multinational-studies are needed. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for trait stability and change, but supporting evidence is currently weak or indirect; trait development is a fertile if sometimes frustrating field for theory and research. Beyond traits, there are approaches to personality development that are of interest to students of adult development, and these may be fruitfully addressed from a trait perspective.
In the last decade, the number of investigations of the beliefs in conspiracy theories has begun to increase in the fields of social, differential, and experimental psychology. A considerable number ...of variables have been suggested as predictors of conspiracy beliefs, amongst them personality factors such as low agreeableness (as disagreeableness is associated with suspicion and antagonism) and high openness to experience (due to its positive association to seek out unusual and novel ideas). The association between agreeableness, openness to experience and conspiracy beliefs remains unclear in the literature. The present study reviews the literature of psychological studies investigating conspiracy beliefs. Additionally, the association between Big Five personality factors and conspiracy beliefs is analyzed meta-analytically using random-effects models. Ninety-six studies were identified for the systematic review. A comprehensive account of predictors, consequences, operationalization, questionnaires, and most prominent conspiracy theories is presented. For meta-analysis, 74 effect sizes from 13 studies were extracted. The psychological literature on predictors of conspiracy beliefs can be divided in approaches either with a pathological (e.g., paranoia) or socio-political focus (e.g., perceived powerlessness). Generally, there is a lack of theoretical frameworks in this young area of research. Meta-analysis revealed that agreeableness, openness to experience, and the remaining Big Five personality factors were not significantly associated with conspiracy beliefs if effect sizes are aggregated. Considerable heterogeneity in designs and operationalization characterizes the field. This article provides an overview of instrumentation, study designs, and current state of knowledge in an effort toward advancement and consensus in the study of conspiracy beliefs.
Prior research has established the key impact of customers' Big Five personality traits (e.g., agreeableness/conscientiousness) on their brand engagement, suggesting that individuals exhibiting ...differing personality traits engage differently with brands. In parallel, extending influential customer engagement research, stakeholder engagement, which covers any stakeholder's (e.g., a customer's, supplier's, employee's, or competitor's) engagement in his/her role‐related interactions, activities, and relationships, is rapidly gaining momentum. However, despite existing acumen in both areas, little remains known regarding the effect of stakeholders' antisocial or maladaptive dark triad‐based personality traits, including machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy, on the focal antisocial stakeholder's, and his/her interactee', role‐related engagement, as therefore explored in this paper. To address these issues, we develop a conceptual model and an associated set of propositions that outline the nature of a stakeholder's machiavellian, narcissistic, and psychopathic role‐related engagement and its effect on his/her interactee's engagement. We conclude by outlining pertinent theoretical and managerial implications that arise from our analyses.
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