The research was performed on occupational groups which combined visual display terminals (VDT) users. Basic oc-cupational activity of such workers was information input and information read-out from ...a screen. Constant visual work with a display is a risk factor which can cause health disorders. It makes for visual analyzer strain which becomes apparent through decrease in accommodation as a result of changes in the closest and the farthest point of clear vision. As period of work with a screen becomes longer, fatigue grows, and visual analyzer performance decreases. There are other signs prov-ing eye fatigue; they are changes in temporary characteristics of clear vision stability which are determined by a period of successive contrast perception, and critical fusion frequency which reflects the central nervous system instability. Long-term visually stressful work with VDT causes strain in the body systems which provide visual process. Non-mobile forced "sitting" position can also cause decrease in physical efficiency. Research which was conducted on workers who had to spend more than 4 hours a shift at VDT in their working environment helped to reveal a dependence between their overall physical efficiency and changes in visual analyzer during a shift. The lower workers' physical efficiency was (both male and female), the greater accommodation decrease was detected in them. It is shown that visually stressful work performed by people with low physical efficiency can make for transfer of strain evolving during a shift into overstrain. To prevent eye fatigue as well as overall one in VDT users, it is necessary to work out complex preventive activities which include work and rest regimes; preventive measures aimed at vision strain relieving; correction techniques which help to improve physical efficiency; rational workplace organization.
Objectives: To evaluate physical efficiency and activity energy expenditure (AEE) in term pregnancy females during cardiopulmonary exercise tests with a supine cycle ergometer.
Material and methods: ...The study comprised 22 healthy full-term pregnancy women with uncomplicated pregnancies hospitalized in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Specialist Teaching Hospital in Tychy, Poland. All subjects underwent cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) on a supine cycle ergometer. The 12-min, three-stage, progressive, symptom-limited submaximal test protocol (up to 80% HR
max
) was used. Pulsometry was used to record HR on a beat-to-beat analysis and to calculate AEE. Respiratory responses were measured by ergospirometer and a computer system on a breath-by-breath basis at rest, during exercise and at restitution.
Results: In the studied population, VO
2max
was established at the level of 2.19 ± 0.33 L/min in ergospirometry and 2.04 ± 025 L/min in pulsometry. Physical efficiency calculated for sub-maximal exercise by use of the Davis equation was 30.52 ± 0.12%. AEE, based on VO
2
in various phases of the CPET, was 0.47, 0.71 and 0.88 L/min for phases 25, 50 and 75 W. Based on ergospirometer readouts, AEE was 10.60, 16.11 and 20.94 kJ/min for phases 25, 50 and 75 W. Overall mean AEE (determined by pulsometry) was 10.59 kJ/min. CPET testing did not have any negative effect upon the health or life of the neonates involved in the study.
Conclusions: Submaximal CPET up to 80% HR
max
with a supine cycle ergometer is a safe and precise method for assessing work efficiency in term pregnancy women.
Police work requires continuous professional and physical training to cope with high stress situations and meet occupational tasks needs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness ...of a physical education program in the general framework of continuing education for work efficiency. We measured the effects of an eight-week motor program based on the didactic method of multilateral training (MT) consisting of the agility and strength training on physical efficiency in policemen. 20 healthy male volunteer policemen (age 46.8 ± 3.9 years) were assigned to an experimental (EG, n: 10) or control (CG, n: 10) group. At weeks one and eight, the peak height reached during a squat jump (SJ) and a countermovement jump (CMJ) test and the time to run a 505 CODS (change of direction speed) test were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured as adiposity indicators. Thereafter, the EG and CG performed MT (90 minutes, two times a week) and no training, respectively. The findings show that in policemen, the didactic method of MT is effective in increasing physical efficiency.L’allenamento multilaterale come metodo didattico innovativo a supporto della formazione continua in poliziaIl lavoro in polizia richiede continua formazione professionale sia tecnica che fisica per far fronte a situazioni di stress elevato e soddisfare le esigenze lavorative. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato di valutare l’efficacia di un programma di educazione fisica nel quadro generale della formazione continua rivolta all’efficienza lavorativa. Sono stati misurati gli effetti di un programma motorio basato sul metodo didattico dell’allenamento multilaterale (MT) di otto settimane costituito da agility e allenamento della forza sull’efficienza fisica nei poliziotti. 20 poliziotti maschi sani (età 46,8 ± 3,9 anni) volontari sono stati assegnati ad un gruppo sperimentale (EG, n: 10) o ad un gruppo di controllo (CG, n: 10). Nella prima e ottava settimana sono stati valutati il picco di altezza raggiunto nello squat jump (SJ) e nel ountermovement jump (CMJ) test e il tempo per eseguire un 505 CODS (cambio di direzione rapido) test. L’indice di massa corporea (BMI) e la circonferenza della vita (WC) sono stati misurati come indicatori di adiposità. Successivamente, EG e CG hanno eseguito MT (90 minuti, due volte a settimana) e nessun allenamento, rispettivamente. I risultati mostrano che negli operatori di polizia, il metodo didattico del MT è efficace nell’incrementare l’efficienza fisica.
Reducing physical activity is a phenomenon that not only affects the adult population, but also young people since the preschool age, resulting in a change in the evolution of motor patrimony and ...physical efficiency. The interest in international literature is centered on obesity and loss of aerobic performance, which are the main health risk factors, while surveys of motor capacity are still very limited. The present study investigated the evolutionary tendency of motor skills, trying to extract relevant information from a series of researches in different countries around the world for an interpretative analysis of theoretical and documental results. This trend is worrying as it seems to affect the natural development of motor performance during the evolutionary age. The results of these studies reflect on the importance of a broad set of physical and coordinative efficiency, developed optimally to ensure further growth in motor performance over time. This also implies a reflection on the opportunity of early learning of technical skills that, if not supported by a broad base of capabilities, could then cause performance stagnation. In the final part of the article, operational some suggestions are proposed to pursue the objective of developing a broad base of motor skills, integrating quantitative parameters, whose modulation has direct effects on physical efficiency, and the qualitative parameters, the modulation of which serves to enrich the baggage of motor skills useful to the solution of ever-new engine tasks.
The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between anaerobic power achieved in repeated anaerobic exercise and aerobic power. The study group consisted of 40 soccer ...players (age 17.3 ± 1.36 years). All participants performed 3 tests: a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), a graded treadmill test (GXT), and a multistage fitness test (20mPST). A statistically significant correlation was found among peak power in the GXT and the maximum (r = 0.365, p=0.02), minimum (r=0.334, p=0.035) and average (r=0.401, p=0.01) power in the RAST. No relationships were found between VO2max obtained from both aerobic tests and any performance indices in the RAST. A statistically significant correlation was found between the VO2max obtained from the spiroergometry examination (GXT) and the calculated VO2max of 20mPST (r=0.382, p=0.015). In conclusion, the level of VO2max does not influence the performance indices in the RAST in elite junior soccer players. It is possible that the modification of anaerobic test protocol or a more heterogeneous study group would influence the results. The estimation of the VO2max in the 20mPST is too inaccurate and should not replace the laboratory spiroergometry examination.
Physical condition considered one of the most important indecater which reflex the special ability of the player and contribute in. the development of Physical efficiency of the player and enable him ...to perform at his extant ,for these rezones Physical efficiency became very important to be studied with level of achievement for handball players .The problem of this research limited to study the effect of Physical efficiency in the level performance of players and their achievement level ,and also to Know how much coaches care about that in there training programs during competitive session. This Study aim at : 1. Knowing the difference in Physical efficiency between youth players of Northern team of handball in the light of performance level. 2. Knowing the difference in Physical efficiency for the youth players of Northern team of handball in the lieght of performance. Theorical part of this research included Physical efficiency and the level of achievement ,and previous studies Descriptive mothed has been used for its sutibilitey of the nature of this research . The research conducted on the (40) players which represent the sampl of this study ,those player were intentionally choosen which they represent youth players of handball for Northern team in the championship of (2007) .The mean, standerd deviation ,anova one way and L.S.D were used as tool of this research. The most important results were the following: 1. There were significant difference between Arbil team and both teams mosul and sulaimaniya for bertit of Arbil team. 2. There were no significcent difference in Physical efficiency Arbil team and Kirkuk. 3. The were significcent difference between the team of Kirkuk and Al- sulaimaniya for bertit of Kirkuk . 4. There were no significcent difference between mosul team and Al- sulaimaniya team.
The aim of this study was to assess and compare the levels of aerobic performance of young football players in various periods of an annual training macrocycle. The study covered a group of fifteen ...14-15-year-old football players of KKS Lech Poznari S.A. The study was carried out on five dates in key moments of the time frame of the annual training cycle (the beginning and the end of the basic preparatory period, the end of the spring round of the starting period and the beginning and the end of the autumn round of the starting period). In order to establish the level of aerobic performance the subjects performed an exercise test with increasing intensity on a Woodway treadmill with a 5% elevation. The initial speed of the treadmill belt was 8 km times h-1 and was increased every three minutes by 2 km times h-1 until exhaustion. During the exercise test the following physiological indicators were recorded on an ongoing basis using the Cardio Pulmonary Exercise computer system (Medical Graphics Corporation, USA): times VO2, times VO2 times kg-1, VE, times VO2 times HR-1, RQ, as well as the running speed (V) and the distance covered. The values of parameters obtained at the level of the ventilatory threshold and with maximum load were analysed. In order to test the significance of differences in mean values between five dates of tests, Friedman's non-parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The significance of differences between successive dates of tests was tested using post-hoc Friedman's ANOVA test. The tests showed significant differences in aerobic performance of young footballers in individual periods of the annual training cycle. The most favourable changes in terms of exercise adaptation of the participants were noted after the basic preparatory period. Then statistically significant changes were noted in the majority of the tested physiological parameters both with maximum load (MAX) and at the level of the ventilatory threshold (VT). In starting periods, probably as a result of a shift in training emphasis towards special loads, their gradual regression was noted.
Purpose. The aim of this research was to assess general extensive physical efficiency in children suffering from moderate mental disability with the use of “Eurofit Special” tests, and to compare ...general extensive physical efficiency and its components in the aspect of sexual dimorphism (Rohrer index). The research presents the problem of mental imparity (epidemiology, classification) and the issue of extensive physical efficiency. Material, methods. The research included 52 pupils (25 girls and 27 boys, aged 10-14) from Wroclaw Centre of Education and Rehabilitation of the Disabled. Results. The results of the tests proved the existence of differences in somatic body constitution of boys and girls. However, statistically significant differences between the “Eurofit Special” test results were not observed with reference to children’s sex or the correlation between somatic constitution and achieved results. Conclusions. Somatic constitution of boys and girls aged between 10 and 14 was clearly different, and most visible in the average values of Rohrer’s index, with these values being higher among girls.
A magyar tojáságazat az EU-csatlakozás vesztesévé vált. Magyarországon az elmúlt 9 évben az étkezési tojást termelő tojóállomány és ezzel a tojástermelés is drasztikus mértékben, 30%-kal csökkent. A ...magyar piacon a héjas tojás 25-30%-át importtojás teszi ki. A termelői árak a 2012. évet leszámítva a magas inputárakhoz viszonyítva folyamatosan alacsonyak. A tanulmány célja a hazai tojástermelés 2012. évre jellemző, naturális adatokon alapuló költség- és jövedelemviszonyainak megállapítása különböző termelési színvonal mellett.
Statisztikai adatok szerint 2012-ben országos átlagban az étkezési tojástermelés veszteséges volt. A szakmai szempontból átlagosnak tekinthető technológiai paraméterek és naturális hatékonyság mellett azonban már lehet jövedelmezően és versenyképesen termelni. Modellkalkulációk alapján megállapítható, hogy nem éri meg sem a technológián, sem pedig a felhasznált ráfordításokon (jérce és takarmány) „spórolni”. A drágább és korszerűbb technológia, a drágább, de táplálóanyag-tartalmában és egyéb minőségi ismérveiben jobb takarmány, illetve jérce a gazdasági eredmények alapján többszörösen megtérül a kedvezőbb naturális hatékonyságon keresztül. A jövőbeli fejlesztéseket tehát egyetlen célnak érdemes alárendelni: a hatékonyságnövelésnek, hiszen csak ezen keresztül biztosítható a jövedelmezőség és versenyképesség fokozása. Mindez nem lehetetlen, mivel a piacon ehhez minden szükséges tényező (technológia, szaktudás stb.) elérhető. Ehhez persze megfelelő mennyiségű tőke és innovatív gazdálkodói szemlélet szükséges. Ezen kívül az is megállapítható, hogy a gyengébb hatékonysági mutatókkal jellemezhető üzemek nagyobb mértékben vannak kitéve az input-output árak változásából eredő negatív gazdasági hatásoknak. Azaz a gyengébb naturális hatékonyság érzékenyebbé teszi a vállalkozást az input- output árak változásával szemben, ezért a naturális hatékonyság kiemelt jelentőségű az étkezési tojástermelés jövedelmezőségét illetően. --- The Hungarian egg industry was the loser from Hungary’s accession to the EU. Over the past nine years the number of laying hens producing table eggs and consequently egg production fell by 30%. In the Hungarian market 25-30% of shell eggs come from imports. The producer prices compared with the high input prices are constantly low, except in 2012. The objective of this study is to determine the cost and income situation of egg production in relation to different production levels in Hungary for 2012 based on technological data.
According to statistics, Hungarian table egg production was on average loss-making in 2012. However, besides average technological parameters and physical efficiency in professional aspects, production can be profitable and competitive. As the results demonstrate, it is not worth sparing on neither the level of technology nor the quality of inputs (pullet and feed). Based on economic results, the more expensive and modern technology, the more expensive, but better feed and pullet in the quality of ingredients and other criteria can give multiple returns due to the better physical efficiency. In our opinion the key objective of future developments should be increasing efficiency, since this is needed for raising profitability and competitiveness. All the required constituents are available on the market (technology, expertise, etc.), thus it is not impossible to achieve. In order to reach these goals, a certain amount of capital and innovative farmer attitude are required. Moreover, plants operating with weaker efficiency are more susceptible to negative effects originating from the fluctuation of input-output prices. That is, weaker technical efficiency makes the business more sensitive to the fluctuation of input-output prices. So, I highlight the importance of physical efficiency regarding the profitability of table egg production.
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