Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment are two of the most prevalent causes of disability in the aging population. Despite the vast amount of research that has been done to quantify the association ...between these two conditions, extensive systematic reviews and meta-analyses remain limited.
We performed a systematic review using the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Sarcopenia was defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle function, as measured by muscle strength or performance. Cognitive impairment was diagnosed by validated cognitive or neuropsychological tests.
We identified 303 potentially relevant articles in the initial search. Observational studies quantifying a relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment were selected. Information was extracted from 15 studies, and random-effects models were used for the meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratios for cognitive impairment for patients with sarcopenia compared with patients without sarcopenia were 2.85 (95% confidence interval: 2.19–3.72) in the unadjusted analysis and 2.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.70–2.97) in the adjusted meta-analysis. These results remained constant in subgroup analyses by study population, study region, the definition of sarcopenia, and cognitive impairment. Although half of the studies (8 out of 15) were of fair quality, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to exclude studies with fair quality and obtained similar results.
Sarcopenia is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment independent of study population, the definition of sarcopenia, and cognitive impairment. This suggests the importance of the early recognition of sarcopenia for the prevention of cognitive impairment in clinical practice.
•Light field control.•New identification method for physical impairment of glass samples.•The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.•The numerical results are consistent with the experimental ...data.•Automatic identification experimental system.
In this paper, we firstly propose a novel identification method for physical impairment of glass spheres samples based on the light field control. An identification simulation subsystem based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to numerically study the light field control is proposed. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data. On the basis of above numerical investigation, an automaticidentification experimental system for physical impairment of glass samples based on the Cortex-M3 is proposed. The relevanthardware circuitdesign,main program design, subprogram design of circuit modules, system specific framework structure and corresponding component design,andmaininterface between the master computer and slave microcontroller are accomplished. An automaticidentification experimental system for physical impairment of glass samples with automatic feeding subsystem and automatic sorting subsystem is achieved.
The association between education and good health is well established, but whether the strength of the association depends on other social statuses is not. We test a theory of resource substitution ...which predicts a larger correlation between education and health (measured for physical impairment) for people who grew up in families with poorly-educated parents than for those whose parents were well educated. This is supported in the Aging, Status, and Sense of control (ASOC) survey, a representative national U.S. sample with data collected in 1995, 1998, and 2001. The reason that parental education matters more to people who are poorly educated themselves is due to an unhealthy lifestyle, specifically to smoking and being overweight. Finally, as the poorly educated age, the negative health effects of their parents’ low educational attainment get worse.
► Personal education benefits health mostly for people whose parents are poorly educated. ► Personal educational attainment counteracts the negative health effects of having poorly-educated parents. ► Low levels of parents’ education worsen health mostly among people who are poorly educated themselves. ► These processes increase health disparities based on educational attainment in two generations.
Background & Aims: This study evaluated the construct validity of the Indonesian version of WHODAS 2.0 among persons with physical impairment.Methods: WHODAS 2.0 was self-administered to 212 ...participants with physical impairment in Bandung, Indonesia. The Rasch model was used to analyse the instrument’s construct validity.Results: Data of 212 participants were analysed. The average outfit mean-square (MnSq) of the 36-item and 32-item versions of WHODAS 2.0 satisfied the Rasch model expectations (0.99±0.28 vs 0.99±0.24). Item D2.5 ‘walking a long distance such as a kilometre’ and item D4.5 ‘sexual activity’ were identified as misfitting items in both versions (infit or outfit MnSq >1.4). The variance explained by measures of the 32-item version was 56.7％, and the 36-item version was 49.0％. Both versions’ reliability and separation index were excellent, with Cronbach’s alpha >0.90 and a separation index >2. The response category function and targeting did not fully satisfy the Rasch model expectations. A strong correlation between both versions of WHODAS 2.0 and WHOQOL BREF (r>0.60) established the convergent validity.Conclusions: The Indonesian version of the 32-item version of WHODAS 2.0 has acceptable construct validity in a physical impairment sample in Bandung, Indonesia.
Expanding elderly populations are a major social challenge in advanced countries worldwide and have led to a rapid increase in the number of elderly patients in intensive care units (ICUs). ...Innovative advances in medical technology have enabled lifesaving of patients in ICUs, but there remain various problems to improve their long‐term prognoses. Post‐intensive care syndrome (PICS) refers to physical, cognition, and mental impairments that occur during ICU stay, after ICU discharge or hospital discharge, as well as the long‐term prognosis of ICU patients. Its concept also applies to pediatric patients (PICS‐p) and the mental status of their family (PICS‐F). Intensive care unit‐acquired weakness, a syndrome characterized by acute symmetrical limb muscle weakness after ICU admission, belongs to physical impairments in three domains of PICS. Prevention of PICS requires performance of the ABCDEFGH bundle, which incorporates the prevention of delirium, early rehabilitation, family intervention, and follow‐up from the time of ICU admission to the time of discharge. Diary, nutrition, nursing care, and environmental management for healing are also important in the prevention of PICS. This review outlines the pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions of PICS.
Conceptual framework of post‐intensive care syndrome (PICS). ICU, intensive care unit; PICS‐F, PICS – family.
The study examined the influence of parental care on the academic achievement of students with physical impairment in Kwara state. The study adopted a descriptive survey of a correlational type. All ...students with a physical impairment in Kwara State were the population of this study while 185 students with a physical impairment who were selected through snowball and purposive sampling techniques constituted a sample for this study. A researcher-designed instrument titled: “Influence of Parental Care on Academic Achievement Questionnaire” (IPCAAQ) was used to collect data from the respondents. The data collected were analysed using percentages for demography data and main research questions, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPPC) statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study revealed that the majority (87.6%) of the students with physical impairment experienced positive parental care and that more than half of the students with physical impaired have high and average levels of academic performance. A significant correlation between parental care and academic achievement of students with physical impairment in Kwara state. In addition, a significant relationship was found between the parental care and academic achievement of male and female students with physical impairment irrespective of their age group. Based on the finding, it was recommended that counsellors should intensify efforts on encouraging parents to show caring for their children with any form of disability in order for them to have good academic achievement.
We present areas of uncertainty concerning intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) and identify areas for future research. Age, pre-ICU functional and cognitive state, concurrent illness, ...frailty, and health trajectories impact outcomes and should be assessed to stratify patients. In the ICU, early assessment of limb and diaphragm muscle strength and function using nonvolitional tests may be useful, but comparison with established methods of global and specific muscle strength and physical function and determination of their reliability and normal values would be important to advance these techniques. Serial measurements of limb and respiratory muscle strength, and systematic screening for dysphagia, would be helpful to clarify if and how weakness of these muscle groups is independently associated with outcome. ICUAW, delirium, and sedatives and analgesics may interact with each other, amplifying the effects of each individual factor. Reduced mobility in patients with hypoactive delirium needs investigations into dysfunction of central and peripheral nervous system motor pathways. Interventional nutritional studies should include muscle mass, strength, and physical function as outcomes, and prioritize elucidation of mechanisms. At follow-up, ICU survivors may suffer from prolonged muscle weakness and wasting and other physical impairments, as well as fatigue without demonstrable weakness on examination. Further studies should evaluate the prevalence and severity of fatigue in ICU survivors and define its association with psychiatric disorders, pain, cognitive impairment, and axonal loss. Finally, methodological issues, including accounting for baseline status, handling of missing data, and inclusion of patient-centered outcome measures should be addressed in future studies.
This study aimed to: (1) test and explain the type of experience scuba diving is among people with physical impairments based on the experience-type framework; (2) assess and describe their ...personality based on the Big Five domains; and (3) identify if personality, years diving, and diving level predict experience-type.
An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was employed. The quantitative phase used a cross-sectional survey (
= 103). The qualitative phase used follow-up interviews with 15 participants divided into 3 case study groups. Joint displays with meta-inferences integrated the data.
Quantitative and qualitative findings concurred on scuba being a transformative experience. 82.52% of survey participants reported scuba as a transformative experience, with no significant differences on experience impact based on impairment category (
= 0.56), impairment onset (
= 0.66), gender (
= 0.08), race/ethnicity (
= 0.51), or age (
= 0.07). Big Five personality domains, years diving, or diving level did not predict experience impact (R
= 0.14, F(12,90) = 1.304,
= 0.2305). Data strand results differed on salient personality domains. Seven qualitative themes emerged, five on experience-type and two on personality.
We recommend the exploration of scuba diving as a prospective rehabilitation intervention.
Programme interventionists often determine best practices from systematic reviews of the literature. Interpretations of findings from systematic reviews, however, are susceptible to subjective ...decisions of the authors. Replication of systematic reviews by different authors on the same topic can increase the authenticity of findings, analysis, and interpretations. The purposes of the current paper were to (a) replicate a systematic literature review using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to understand the intention of adults living with physical disabilities to participate in PA, and (b) compare the findings with a published systematic literature review on the same topic. CINAHL, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, Medline, Psycinfo, and Pubmed databases were searched for eligible studies. A total of 11 articles were included for the current review. Intention was the strongest predictor for PA behaviour, with attitude and perceived behavioural control were also significant predictors for intention. Subjective norm had less influence but a distinct role shaping intention. A total of six of 11 studies overlapped with the comparison review. Selection of different studies were due to differences in search databases, search strategy, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inconsistency was also found in relationships among other components in the theory, with different interpretations made between the two reviews. The current replication review provides practical and research related implications that add to the understanding of the TBP for persons living with physical disabilities and the findings of the comparative review.
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