Although research on lexicalization has been extensively documented, little is known about over- and under-lexicalization in translation. "Laut Bercerita" and its translation contain mostly violent ...physical expressions, leading to either excessive or deficient lexical representation compared to the source text. This research aims to analyze over- and under-lexicalization in expressions of physical violence in the novel "Laut Bercerita" and its translation "The Sea Speaks His Name". The research method used is comparative descriptive, which combines comparing the meanings of the source text and target text. Data were collected using note-taking techniques. In the analysis stage, the data were first segmented or classified based on categories of physical violence. Subsequently, the data were analyzed by adopting a lexical variation of Fowler’s theory. The results of the study showed that over-lexicalization occurred in the form of physical violence such as (1) kicking, (2) torturing, (3) electric shocking, (4) slapping, (5) punching, and (6) stepping on, accounting for 47%. Meanwhile, under-lexicalization occurred in the form of physical violence such as (1) hitting, (2) kicking, (3) torturing, (4) electric shocking, (5) handcuffing, (6) punching, and (7) stepping on, accounting for 57%. Under-lexicalization occurs when there is a reduction of lexical items and simplification of meaning concepts, while over-lexicalization occurs with the addition of lexical items and complex meanings. Over-lexicalization and under-lexicalization imply that the translation may not meet standard translation norms through lexicon choices but still maintains equivalence.
Introduction: Sleep is one of the most important life needs which plays an essential role in health. Domestic violence, especially physical violence, affects sleep quality. This study was performed ...with aim to determine the relationship between physical violence and sleep quality disorders in pregnant women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 on 200 pregnant women referred to the affiliated centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Demographic data were collected using researcher-made Demographic-Midwifery Questionnaire, data related to domestic violence using World Health Organization Domestic Violence questionnaire and data related to sleep quality using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and Independent t-test, Chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficient. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:In this study, 70 samples (35.2%) had poor sleep quality and the highest and lowest frequency of physical violence was: pushing (16%) and heating (4%). There was a statistically significant relationship between sleep quality and physical violence (p<0.001). The correlation coefficient of physical violence with sleep quality disorders was r = 0.149 (p=0.049). Conclusion: Considering the positive relationship between physical violence and sleep disorders, it is recommended that screen and identify the cases of domestic violence during pregnancy in those who refer with complaints of sleep disorders. Therefore, counseling, formulating and implementing the women's empowerment programs in the case of violence will promote their health.
Youth involvement in violence and delinquency has received widespread attention in the literature. However, little is known about youth involvement in political violence, especially among youth who ...live in conflict areas. The current study examined the mechanisms that underlie youth involvement in serious physical and political violence. We explored the similarities and differences in the association between both individual factors (including religiosity and school commitment) and parental factors (including parental control and education), and the two types of violent behaviors.
A large representative sample of 814 Arab male students from neighborhoods located in East Jerusalem, aged 12-18 years, completed a structured, anonymous, self-report questionnaire. The data was collected between February and May 2019.
Over half of the participants reported that they had been involved in political violence (55.1%) or serious physical violence (58.8%) during the previous year. Youth involvement in serious physical violence was positively associated with involvement in political violence. Furthermore, we found that greater parental control and lower impulsivity are associated with lower levels of political and physical violence. School commitment was associated negatively with serious physical violence but not with involvement in political violence. Youth work was positively correlated with involvement in political violence but not in serious physical violence.
The results of the current study show that Arab youth from East Jerusalem are highly involved in political and serious physical violence. The risk and protective factors identified here should inform the design of specific intervention strategies.
This paper provides a quantitative review that estimates exposure rates by type of violence, setting, source, and world region.
A quantitative review of the nursing violence literature was ...summarized.
A literature search was conducted using the CINAHL, Medline and PsycInfo data bases. Studies included had to report empirical results using a nursing sample, and include data on bullying, sexual harassment, and/or violence exposure rates. A total of 136 articles provided data on 151,347 nurses from 160 samples.
Articles were identified through a database search and by consulting reference lists of review articles that were located. Relevant data were coded by the three authors. Categories depended on the availability of at least five studies. Exposure rates were coded as percentages of nurses in the sample who reported a given type of violence. Five types of violence were physical, nonphysical, bullying, sexual harassment, and combined (type of violence was not indicated). Setting, timeframe, country, and source of violence were coded.
Overall violence exposure rates were 36.4% for physical violence, 66.9% for nonphysical violence, 39.7% for bullying, and 25% for sexual harassment, with 32.7% of nurses reporting having been physically injured in an assault. Rates of exposure varied by world region (Anglo, Asia, Europe and Middle East), with the highest rates for physical violence and sexual harassment in the Anglo region, and the highest rates of nonphysical violence and bullying in the Middle East. Regions also varied in the source of violence, with patients accounting for most of it in Anglo and European regions, whereas patents’ families/friends were the most common source in the Middle East.
About a third of nurses worldwide indicated exposure to physical violence and bullying, about a third reported injury, about a quarter experienced sexual harassment, and about two-thirds indicated nonphysical violence. Physical violence was most prevalent in emergency departments, geriatric, and psychiatric facilities. Physical violence and sexual harassment were most prevalent in Anglo countries, and nonphysical violence and bullying were most prevalent in the Middle East. Patients accounted for most physical violence in the Anglo region and Europe, and patient family and friends accounted for the most in the Middle East.
This study aimed to systematically review studies that examined the prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) that included intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-IPV among women in sub-Saharan ...Africa (SSA). This evidence is an important aspect to work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) target of eliminating all forms of violence in SSA. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were used to source articles with stringent eligibility criteria. Studies on GBV in SSA countries that were published in English from 2008 to 2019 were included. A random effect meta-analysis was used. Fifty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of IPV among women was 44%, the past year-pooled prevalence of IPV was 35.5% and non-IPV pooled prevalence was 14%. The highest prevalence rates of IPV that were reported included emotional (29.40%), physical (25.87%) and sexual (18.75%) violence. The sub-regional analysis found that women residing in Western (30%) and Eastern (25%) African regions experienced higher levels of emotional violence. Integrated mitigation measures to reduce GBV in SSA should focus mainly on IPV in order to achieve the SDG's that will lead to sustainable changes in women's health.
•Males presented more antisocial behaviors than females.•Antisocial behaviors are positively correlated with exposure to interpersonal violence.•Future investigations should explore the exposure to ...interpersonal violence in co-occurrence with other forms of domestic violence.•Policies may need to address gender differences in adolescent delinquency and consider interventions that take these differences into account.
Juvenile delinquency is one of the main problems of adolescents. The objective of the present investigation was to verify the relationship between antisocial behaviors, measured by the Antisocial Conduct Questionnaire (CCA) and witnessing interparental violence assessed through the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS). The sample consisted of 671 adolescents (12 and 20 years old) from the northern region of Portugal. The results indicated that female adolescents revealed to have witnessed higher levels of psychological aggression, perpetrated by both father and mother, compared to males. The results suggest a positive association between emotional and physical violence perpetrated by parents and the different types of antisocial behaviors. Overall, it was found that the more exposed to interparental violence, the more likely they are to develop conduct problems. The results stressed the importance of developing more intervention programs towards violence domestic to prevent violence in that context.
On April 13, 2020 it was declared a "national disaster" through Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2020 concerning the Determination of Non-Natural Disasters Spreading Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid19) ...as a National Disaster. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, data collected from service institutions or data collection forms for the Women's National Commission (Komnas) were 8,234 cases, the most prominent types of violence against women were in the personal or private sphere, namely domestic violence and personal relations, namely: as much as 79% (6,480 cases). Among them there is violence against wives (KTI) which ranks first 3,221 cases (49%). The government in overcoming criminal acts of violence that occur in the household, especially for women as wives, is one of them by making policies through the promulgation of the PKDRT Law. However, domestic violence cannot be overcome only by the formation of the law. Physical violence is violence in the form of an action which in this case will have an impact on pain by slapping, hitting, kicking and so on which causes minor or serious injury to someone. To overcome the problem of domestic violence against women as wives, it can be seen that the Criminal Law Policy Against Physical Violence for Women in the Household can be carried out through three (3) stages, namely; Pre-emptive efforts are efforts made by the police to prevent the occurrence of criminal acts.
Intimate partner violence is a significant public health problem in our society, affecting women disproportionately. Intimate partner violence takes many forms, including physical violence, sexual ...violence, stalking, and psychological aggression. While the scope of intimate partner violence is not fully documented, nearly 40% of women in the United States are victims of sexual violence in their lifetimes and 20% are victims of physical intimate partner violence. Other forms of intimate partner violence are likely particularly underreported. Intimate partner violence has a substantial impact on a woman’s physical and mental health. Physical disorders include the direct consequences of injuries sustained after physical violence, such as fractures, lacerations and head trauma, sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies as a consequence of sexual violence, and various pain disorders. Mental health impacts include an increased risk of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide. These adverse health effects are amplified in pregnancy, with an increased risk of pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and small for gestational age. In many US localities, suicide and homicide are leading causes of pregnancy-associated mortality. We herein review the issues noted previously in greater depth and introduce the basic principles of intimate partner violence prevention. We separately address current recommendations for intimate partner violence screening and the evidence surrounding effectiveness of intimate partner violence interventions.
Interpersonal violence in sport occurs in different forms, from emotional abuse, overtraining, bullying, physical aggression and pressuring to punishment and sexual abuse. Due to the use of different ...definitions, a comparison of prevalence estimates between studies in different countries has not been possible to date. The aim of the current study was thus to present the prevalence estimates of interpersonal violence in elite sport for the Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), and Germany and to examine the overlap of three types of interpersonal violence. Data from two different surveys (one in the Netherlands and Flanders and another in Germany) of a total of 1,665 elite athletes (n = 533 from the Netherlands and Flanders, n = 1,132 from Germany) were used. Athletes were asked to answer questions about their experiences of psychological, physical, and sexual violence in the context of organized sport. In general, lifetime prevalence estimates for all three types of interpersonal violence are more than 24% in elite athletes, with the highest numbers for psychological violence. Compared to representative population samples the prevalence rate of psychological violence seems to be particularly high. Gender differences were only evident for sexual violence, with female athletes showing higher prevalence estimates than male athletes. Furthermore, a high overlap of experiences of the three different forms of interpersonal violence was found for all three countries. The differences in prevalence estimates between the three countries are discussed.
The main objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of workplace violence (WPV), its associated factors and explore the experiences of healthcare workers.
A hospital-based ...cross-sectional study design used a nationally representative sample of 1,081 healthcare workers covering eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the adjusted effect of independent factors on WPV among healthcare workers.
Of the participants, 43% (468) experienced some form of WPV. Of those, 84% reported experiencing nonphysical violence, and 16% experienced physical violence in the past year. About 65% of victims claimed no action was taken to investigate the incident, and 44% reported no consequence for perpetrators. Four factors: being married (AOR = 1.63; CI: 1.12-2.39); public sector healthcare worker (AOR = 2.74; CI:1.99-3.76); working in an emergency department (AOR = 2.30; CI:1.03-5.12); and undertaking shift work (AOR = 1.52; CI: 1.10-2.11) were found to be significantly associated with WPV. One-third of the participants were worried about violence in their workplace.
WPV is highly prevalent among healthcare workers in Bangladesh. Formal guidelines for reporting and managing WPV are urgently needed at the individual, hospital, and national levels.
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