Researchers examined the operation of planned activity time (PAT) for Scotland's elementary and secondary teachers. PAT required that teachers devote 50 hours per year to planned school and ...professional development activities. Interviews indicated PAT was successful, though teachers criticized certain aspects and wished their opinions were included in PAT planning. (SM)
Numerous studies investigated how people's willingness to engage in pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) is shaped by their financial circumstances. Yet, no clear pattern can be found in the ...literature: research demonstrates that people with higher incomes have higher carbon footprints, while other findings show that people with more perceived financial resources indicate more engagement in PEBs. We propose to differentiate between objective income and the subjective feeling of financial scarcity, because less income does not necessarily go together with feelings of financial scarcity and vice versa. We investigated if both income and subjective financial scarcity – though being negatively related in the first place – have a negative influence on the willingness to engage in PEBs.
The data of a pilot study (n = 199) provides first evidence that willingness for PEB was indeed lower for people with higher incomes and simultaneously also for those reporting more subjective financial scarcity. Moreover, the analyses of our studies revealed that the negative relation between income and willingness for PEB was mediated by (higher) perceived future availability of natural resources (Study 1 n1 = 314 & Study 2 n2 = 393). Further findings showed that subjective financial scarcity was going along with less PEB due to an increased perceived effort/cost associated with PEB. Finally, Study 3 (n3 = 950) revealed that both income and subjective financial scarcity were also related to a reduced acceptance of shifting activities that consume electric energy. We conclude that researchers need to consider both individuals’ objective and subjective financial situation for determining and coping with the specific barriers that prevent people from engaging in PEB.
Display omitted
•High Income & subjective financial scarcity go along with less willingness for PEB.•Income is negatively related to PEB due to a perceived abundance of natural resources.•Subjective financial scarcity goes along with less PEB due to perceived PEB-effort.•High income is related to less acceptance of shifting energy consuming activities.•Subjective financial scarcity goes along with less acceptance of shifting activities.
Daily agenda formation is influenced by formal commitments, satisfaction of needs surpassing some threshold and the desire to conduct particular activities in anticipation of socially and religiously ...driven events such as birthdays, Christmas, etc. As part of a research program to develop a dynamic activity-based model of transport demand, this paper proposes a model to represent dynamic agenda formation, including these different underlying processes. Bayesian estimation of the model is based on data collected through a Web-based survey for a sample of approximately 300 respondents. The survey uses an extension of a 1-day activity diary where respondents are asked to recall activities in retrospect and to identify planned activities in prospect. Estimation results suggest that planned activities influence agenda formation in general, but that their significance and size depends on activity type, socio-demographics and dwelling characteristics.
Modeling multi-day planning has received scarce attention in activity-based transport demand modeling so far. However, new dynamic activity-based approaches are being developed at the current moment. ...The frequency and inflexibility of planned activities and events in activity schedules of individuals indicate the importance of incorporating those pre-planned activities in the new generation of dynamic travel demand models. Elaborating and combining previous work on event-driven activity generation, the aim of this paper is to develop and illustrate an extension of a need-based model of activity generation that takes into account possible influences of pre-planned activities and events. This paper describes the theory and shows the results of simulations of the extension. The simulation was conducted for six different activities, and the parameter values used were consistent with an earlier estimation study. The results show that the model works well and that the influences of the parameters are consistent, logical, and have clear interpretations. These findings offer further evidence of face and construct validity to the suggested modeling approach.
With particular reference to recent developments (including communication-technological), Part One considered the nature of language change - its kinds, mechanisms and effects - and of some attitudes ...towards it; and introduced a case for teaching and learning about it. Part Two recapitulates and develops that case (focusing particularly on lexis and grammar, and students aged 11-16 years); and suggests approaches of two broad kinds and contexts: (1) as opportunities arise whilst undertaking other work; and (2) within planned, 'set-piece' activities. As in Part One, extensive notes and references are offered.
Master Budget
The Complete CFO Handbook,
01/2012
Book Chapter
This chapter describes the master budget as a summary of the planned activities of all of the units of the company, including production, sales, distribution, and finance. Along with the company's ...strategic and long‐term plan, the master budget is a helpful device for planning and measuring progress toward the company's objectives. In a conventional master budget, the emphasis is on the cost of specific inputs as management budgets the cost of operating individual responsibility centers. Items to be included for the first time in the master budget require supporting documentation and upper‐level management approval. One will agree that the master budget is one of the most effective means of planning and control. The chief financial officer (CFO) has an advanced warning system in place with appropriate monitoring of budgets and results. It allows the CFO to take the essential steps to correct the anticipated problems.
PDF
