Aim We investigate whether (1) environmental predictors allow to delineate the distribution of discrete community types at the continental scale and (2) how data completeness influences model ...generalization in relation to the compositional variation of the modelled entities. Location Europe. Methods We used comprehensive datasets of two community types of conservation concern in Europe: acidophilous beech forests and base‐rich fens. We computed community distribution models (CDMs) calibrated with environmental predictors to predict the occurrence of both community types, evaluating geographical transferability, interpolation and extrapolation under different scenarios of sampling bias. We used generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) to assess the role of geographical and environmental drivers in compositional variation within the predicted distributions. Results For the two community types, CDMs computed for the whole study area provided good performance when evaluated by random cross‐validation and external validation. Geographical transferability provided lower but relatively good performance, while model extrapolation performed poorly when compared with interpolation. Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed a predominant effect of geographical distance on compositional variation, complemented with the environmental predictors that also influenced habitat suitability. Main conclusions Correlative approaches typically used for modelling the distribution of individual species are also useful for delineating the potential area of occupancy of community types at the continental scale, when using consistent definitions of the modelled entity and high data completeness. The combination of CDMs with GDM further improves the understanding of diversity patterns of plant communities, providing spatially explicit information for mapping vegetation diversity and related habitat types at large scales.
The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the UPOV Convention are increasingly relevant and important. They have technical, social and normative legitimacy and ...have standardised numerous concepts and practices related to plant varieties and plant breeding. In this book, Jay Sanderson provides the first sustained and detailed account of the Convention. Building upon the idea that it has an open-ended and contingent relationship with scientific, legal, technical, political, social and institutional actors, the author explores the Convention's history, concepts and practices. Part I examines the emergence of the UPOV Convention during the 1950s and its expanding legitimacy in relation to plant variety protection. Part II explores the Convention's key concepts and practices, including plant breeder, plant variety, plant names (denomination), characteristics, protected material, essentially derived varieties (EDV) and farm saved seed (FSS). This book is an invaluable resource for academics, policy makers, agricultural managers and researchers in this field.
The enactment of Intellectual Property protection laws globally and involvement of private seed industry in India had become indispensable for protection of IP in agriculture as whole and plant ...varieties in particular. For protection of plant varieties, the Distinctiveness Uniformity and Stability (DUS) descriptors of various crops (vegetables, field crops, floriculture, horticulture crops, etc.) were developed and notified by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights (PPV and FR) Registry for testing. With increasing awareness of IPR in agriculture, the submission of applications of plant varieties from the notified crops for registration has started for protection under the Registry. Subsequently, public sector (Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Agricultural Universities (AUs)); private sector; and farmers started submission of Extant, New and Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs) applications in the notified crops. The study period pertaining to years 2007-2015 reveals that public sector has contributed immensely in protecting plant varieties of self-pollinated crops (food, fibre and pulses crops), whereas the private sector’s focus is largely confined towards open-pollinated varieties. Private sector has submitted highest number of ‘EDVs’ of tetraploid cotton. Progress in farmers’ varieties for protection under PPV and FRA reinforces the importance and uniqueness of this sui generis system adopted by India. It is, expected that the prospects of variety and seed development sectors will improve overtime. This trend also opens the scope for the plant breeders to design varietal development programmes for desirable traits in various crop species.
The vascular plant names proposed by Carlos Pau from Morocco between 1908 and 1922 were studied and, when necessary and possible, typified. Nine lectotypes have been designated; most of them ...preserved in MA and BC herbaria (isolectotypes at BCN, G, LD, and P).
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo plantear una crítica a la regulación de las obtenciones vegetales en Colombia; desde los intereses jurídicos tutelados en el ordenamiento vigente, la política ...alimentaria y desde la necesidad de generar una política de competitividad social y ambientalmente responsable. La metodología escogida es cualitativa, desde un enfoque de análisis documental sobre la información y los datos obtenidos en documentos de organismos nacionales e internacionales, doctrina, políticas públicas, jurisprudencia y normatividad en este ámbito. Como resultado, se presenta un escenario reflexivo, con una mirada desde las políticas y reglamentaciones internacionales, nacionales y locales, además de las nuevas corrientes postmodernas, en especial el Transhumanismo. El artículo concluye que es necesario redimensionar la regulación de las obtenciones vegetales, pues, además de no reportar utilidades a los agricultores y a la industria nacional en aras de un crecimiento interno sostenido, se generan impactos negativos al ambiente y la sociedad.
In Brazil, bean consumption is predominated by grains like carioca, but special grains are gaining space on Brazilian tables and can be a source of income for producers. The objective of this study ...was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative performance of common bean cultivars with special grains, aiming to identify those with productive potential and superior technological characteristics. The treatments consisted of nine bean cultivars with special grains: BRS Radiante, BRS Realce, BRS Pitanga, BRSMG Tesouro, BRS Marfim, BRSMG Uniao, IAC Tigre, EPAMIG Ouro Vermelho, and EPAMIG Ouro da Mata. The agronomic (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield) and qualitative (sieve yield, crude protein, cooking time, percentage of imbibition before and after cooking, percentage of whole grains after cooking, and grain hydration capacity) attributes were evaluated. There were statistical differences between cultivars for the number of grains per pod and mass of 100 grains. The cultivars EPAMIG Ouro Vermelho, BRS Marfim, and BRS Pitanga presented the highest yields, with values of 2,907, 2,871, and 2,608 kg ha-1, respectively. There was variability between cultivars for all qualitative attributes. The cultivars BRS Radiante, BRSMG Realce, BRSMG Tesouro, IAC Tigre, and EPAMIG Ouro Vermelho stood out with superior quality grains.
This study aimed at evaluating the use of phytoregulators in vegetative characteristics of 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees in both 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 cycles. The orchard, was implemented in 2011. ...The following phytoregulators and doses were used: Ethephon and 6-Benzyladenine at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ml L-1. The experiment had a randomized block design with five replicates. Each experimental unit was composed of a plant. Variables under evaluation were leaf area, annual branch length, annual branch diameter, number of buds on the annual branch, internode length, fertility index and trunk cross section areas of the crown cultivar and of the rootstock. Only the following variables exhibited significance: leaf area, annual branch length and number of buds in plants treated with Ethephon in the 2015/2016 cycle. Leaf area was smaller when high concentrations of Ethephon were applied while the least efficient doses for annual branch length and number of buds were 162.66 ml L-1 and 107.30 ml L-1, respectively.
Bacterial-halo-blight and bacterial-leaf-spot are important coffee diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae and pv. tabaci, respectively. The most suitable method to control these diseases ...is the use of resistant cultivars. There are no studies on resistance to Pseudomonas syringae (PS) in coffee derived from BA-10 genotypes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to PS in lines derived from BA-10 under field conditions with simultaneous natural infections of the pathovars garcae and tabaci. 38 F4 and two F5 lines derived from BA-10 were evaluated in a field trial in Londrina, PR, Brazil. The Catuai Vermelho IAC 81 and IAPAR 59 were the susceptible and intermediate resistant controls, respectively. Resistance to PS was evaluated in January 2017 after 45 months of planting. The grading scale varied from 1 to 5, where grade 1 was plants with more resistance and 5 plants more susceptible. Two F5 lines showed 100% of resistant plants (grades 1 and 2) and the F4 line IAPAR 12201 showed 60% of plants with a high level of resistance to PS (grade 1), while the control Catuai showed no resistant plant. IAPAR 59 and several F4 lines showed high frequency of plants with intermediate resistance to PS.
The Court of Appeal and High Court decisions in 'Gao v Zespri' represent only the second time the courts have adjudicated on plant variety rights (PVRs) in Aotearoa New Zealand. But they parallel ...much larger ongoing conversations in intellectual property law. This article will analyse and contrast the findings of the Court of Appeal and the High Court with respect to two findings: whether the domestic authorisation of foreign conduct can found a claim under the 'Plant Variety Rights Act' 1987; and how the user principle can be applied particularly when assessing damages in a cross-border context. The article examines the reasoning behind these two findings and discusses their implications to the broader field of intellectual property. Finally, the author briefly discusses Zespri's PVRs in light of the fruit's Chinese origins and heritage.
