The article is a polemic with the review of the book The Economy of Southern Podlasie in the years 1918-1939 by M. Rospara and A. Stańska. It contains a response to the remarks concerning the book ...layout: too excessive annexes, shortages in the bibliography as well as the omission or too general a summary of a number of issues such as the role of the Janów Podlaski stud or folk high schools. The explanation of the latter shortcoming is the concise nature of the publication, which made it impossible to discuss selected issues.
It is difficult to find equally important event in history as the birth of Islam and Arab expansion, although their importance was not appreciated at first. Its appearance was a breakthrough in ...several dimensions: religious, political, economic, cultural and lingual. The article attempts to discuss the reaction of Christian elites to the new monotheist religion. Initially, Islam was not identified as a new, separate religion. It was believed that the invaders would be chased away soon. The invasion was perceived in the biblical context, as a punishment for sins and as a work of the devil. So thought Sophronios, Theodor, John of Nikiu. Other writers pointed out Jews and heretics as the cause of God’s anger (Maximus the Confessor), but also emperor Constans (Anastasius the Synaite, Sebeos, some anonymous authors). A debate between Christians and Muslims commenced when Muhammad was still alive and both parties knew virtually nothing of each other. With time, the knowledge about Islam increased, although it still depended on education, social status, place of residence and knowledge of Arabic. In the 8th century it became obvious that Muslim rule would continue which can be observed in the opinion expressed by such writers as Sebeos, Anastasios, Denys of Tell Mahré or Ghewond. The task of Christian elites then, was to survive in an alien, not in frequently hostile environment and to preserve Christian faith. It was even more important when, particularly under the Umayyad rule, the religious policy became worse for Christians, which resulted in numerous conversions to Islam. The church must have felt threatened, consequently new arguments in the disputes with Muslims were needed. A form of a dialogue or polemics between two adversaries appeared. This can be seen in the texts of Theodor Abu Qurra, John on Damascus, in the polemics between patriarch Timothy with caliph Mahdi (781), homilies of a Syriac bishop from Iraq Mar Aba II (641-751), a discourse between monk Bert Hale and a wealthy Muslim or the answer of emperor Leo III to caliph Umar II (719), to mention just a few. The Christians attacked primarily Muhammad himself. He was accused of being a heretic or fake prophet. His knowledge would come either from Jews or heretic Christians. His adversaries pointed out that he had not done miracles as Christ had. It was also said that his revelation had been nothing but his dream or a result of his illness (epilepsy), or even that he had been possessed by daemons. Another target of attacks was the Quran, which was presented as a falsified Scripture. According to Niketas, it was not created by God, but by a daemon, as a compilation of many, often contradicting texts. It was also criticized as being non-original. Islam, was also be spread with the sword rather than with the word.
Biblija je temelj kulture i književnosti. Iako se čini pomalo zanemarenom u sadašnjosti ipak nije prestala žariti i odsijevati nadahnutom riječju te nije prestala biti uzorom književnih pravaca. ...Evanđelje je samo po sebi književna vrsta, a njegov autor rabi stilske figure kao što je na primjer metafora. Uloga evanđelista kao autora također je važna. Pomoću povijesno-kritičke metode otkriva se u odlomku Mk 2,18−20 izuzetnost metafore
zaručnik
,
zaručnica
i
svadba
(odnosno svatovi). Tri metafore stvaraju logičnu cjelinu. Pomoću te stilske figure čitatelj može prihvatiti Isusovu pouku u kojoj skriva svoj identitet. Polemika je samo izraz ili pak razlog za korištenje metafore koja je tipičnim izrazom židovskog poučavanja. Korištena metafora također postaje „mostom“ koji spaja prošlost sa sadašnjošću i time nadopunjava ograničenost povijesno-kritičke metode. Isus nije samo izrekao istraživane retke u doslovnom smislu. U njima se skriva i duhovni smisao koji upućuje na Kristovo spasenjsko poslanje.
The Bible is the foundation of culture and literature. Even though it seems somewhat neglected today, it still emanates and shines with inspirational words and continues to be a model for literary movements. The Gospel is a literary genre in itself, and its author uses stylistic devices, such as the metaphor. The role of the evangelists as authors is also important. Using the historical-critical method, the passage Mk 2: 18-20 reveals the exceptional nature of the metaphor
fiancé
,
fiancée
, and
wedding
(i.e. wedding guests). The three metaphors make up a logical unit. With the help of that stylistic device, the reader can accept Jesus' teaching in which he conceals his identity. A polemic is just an expression or a reason for using a metaphor, which is a common expression in Jewish teachings. The metaphor that is used also becomes a “bridge” connecting the past with the present and thereby complements the limitations of the historical-critical method. Jesus not only spoke the investigated lines in the literal sense. They also contain a hidden spiritual meaning that indicates Christ’s mission of salvation.
Mowa O pomocy biednym jest dwudziestym wykładem w całej kolekcji Demonstrationes Afrahata. Mędrzec perski kontynuuje i dyskretnie rozwija polemikę z nauczaniem judaizmu i rabinów babilońskiej ...diaspory. Właściwe odczytanie przesłania zawartego w De sustentatione egenorum wymaga znajomości kontekstu społeczno-religijnego w jakim rozwijało się życie Kościoła w Persji w połowie IV wieku. Wykład może świadczyć o trudnej sytuacji chrześcijan babilońskich, którzy w czasie prześladowań Szapura II, nie rozumiejąc istotnych różnic między chrześcijaństwem a judaizmem, prawdopodobnie odwiedzali synagogi i korzystali z dobroczynności Żydów. Jak nauczyciel swoich uczniów Mędrzec Perski stara się zachęcić słuchaczy do podjęcia dzieła caritas christiana i umocnić tych chrześcijan, którzy już wspierają ubogich.
In 2014 a book by dr Arkadiusz Zawadzki (an assistant lecturer at the Archive Studies Unit, Department of History and International Relations, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities), ...entitled Gospodarka Południowego Podlasia w latach 1918-1939 The Economy of Southern Podlasie 1918-1939. The publication, as mentioned by its very author in the Introduction, is an extended version of his doctoral thesis written under the guidance of dr. hab, prof. UPH Józef Piłatowicz, and defended in 2013 at the Faculty of Humanities UNS Siedlce. It is worth underlining that it pioneering work - Arkadiusz Zawadzki attempted to write an economic monograph on the economics of Southern Podlasie whose chronological framework covers the 1920s and 1930s in the territory of nine, and from 1932 eight northern counties powiat of Lublin Province. According to the Auther the objective of the monograph is to answer the question: What was the position of the Southern Podlasie region in the economic system of the Second Polish Republic, and to consider the question whether it was a modern or a backward region in terms of economy, and whether one can talk about progress in the 21 years of independence. In the Conclusion the Author raises another question: Can one, therefore, in the light of the information provided herein, answer the question about the economic development of the region? The book is an academic publication and it must not be omitted while discussing the economic issues. For many years a book concerning a similar topic, which is not easy to discuss, had not been written. Arkadiusz Zawadzki commands recognition for his efforts put in the creation of such a monograph. The book is interesting to read; it is intended mainly for historians dealing with the economy of the Second Polish Republic, regional culture specialist, and for the history lovers; reading it is not easy.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemu badań na opracowaniem krytycznym i wydaniem wraz z komentarzem dwóch pism polemicznych czołowych reprezentantów katolicko-prawosławnej polemiki wyznaniowej ...na ziemiach ruskich I Rzeczypospolitej. Będą to dzieła: Kasjana Sakowicza Perspektywa (1642) oraz Piotra Mohyły Lithos (1644). Proponowane badania mogą mieć istotne znaczenie w rozwoju wiedzy na temat staropolskiej i staroruskiej kultury literackiej tworzonej zarówno przez wyznawców Kościoła katolickiego, jak i przez pisarzy wywodzących się z kręgu chrześcijaństwa wschodniego – prawosławnego w I połowie w XVII wieku.
Subject to analysis in this article is the genre status of Ignacy Pietraszewski’s works commenting upon Collectanea by Józef Sękowski. The former work by Pietraszewski is a press edition of ...Sprostowania niektórych tłumaczeń z tureckiego Corrections of Some Translations from Turkish (1845), while the latter is an expanded, book edition of Corrections..., entitled Nowy przekład dziejopisów tureckich A New Translation of Turkish History Writers (1846). A research question asked in the article is to what extent Pietraszewski’s comments on Sękowski oeuvre is a case of translation or a case of translation criticism. Drawing upon the stylistic features of both works by Pietraszewski, their evaluative and judgmental lexis and their dialogical nature, the author decided that these works are critical reviews of Sękowski’s Collectanea. The reviews display an ostesibly marked polemical aspect. They contain evaluation of the target text and they mark a breach of the text-type canon by incorporating a didactic component.
PDF
