This paper describes the removal of Cr(VI) using the combination of bacterial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by wood husk-packed column containing the Cr(VI)-reducing biofilm followed by Cr(III) ...removal using the coagulation-flocculation technique. The chromium removal process was carried out at the laboratory-scale for 90 days using different batches of Cr(VI) ranging from 35 to 231 mg L.sup.-1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination (R.sup.2) value of 0.9941, thus ensuring a satisfactory adjustment of the second-order regression model with the experimental data. The experimental observations were in reasonable agreement with the modeled values. The biofilm was able to completely reduce 100 mg L.sup.-1 Cr(VI) in 6 h while a longer contact time (18 h) was needed for higher Cr(VI) concentrations. In this study, ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) was used as the control parameter during the Cr(VI) reduction process. The coagulation/flocculation process using the combination of alum and polyacrylamide results in complete removal of color, 85% Cr(III), and 97% turbidity. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis of the biofilm revealed the embedding of bacterial cells in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This study successfully demonstrated the potential application of a bacterial biofilm and chemical systems to remove chromium contamination from water systems.
To elucidate the effect of solution viscosity on the synthesis of Ni-phyllosilicate, polyacrylamide was incorporated to create a viscous aqueous medium containing of sodium metasilicate, nickel ...nitrate and NH4F. The enhanced viscosity promotes the dispersion of the initial formed crystal seeds and the growth of Ni-phyllosilicate, culminating in a Ni-rich NiPs-RT-6 of a high Ni content of up to 55.2 wt%. Residual polyacrylamide elimination was accomplished via calcination, concurrently enhancing metal-support interaction. The as-synthesized samples display a nanoflower morphology with nanospheres overlaid with numerous thin nanosheets. The relatively small Ni particles around 5.7 nm were obtained after reduction even at a very high Ni loading, owing to its strong metal-support interaction. NiPs-RT-6 achieves a CO2 conversion of 75.9% at 450 °C, 0.1 MPa, 60 L g−1·h−1, which closely approximates thermodynamic equilibrium. The turn over frequency for CO2 (TOFCO2) was substantial, calculated at 3.7 × 10−3 s−1, accompanied by activation energy (Ea) of 80.6 kJ·mol–1. In-situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) further disclosed that m-HCOO– serves as a crucial intermediate following a formate reaction pathway. With its high Ni content, finely distributed Ni particles, and strong metal-support interaction, NiPs-RT-6 demonstrates promising catalytic activity in CO2 methanation.
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•The room-temperature synthesis of Ni-phyllosilicate was achieved.•A viscous solvent of polyacrylamide significantly promoted the synthesis of Ni-phyllosilicate.•The reduced Ni-phyllosilicate retained small Ni particles at a high Ni content.•Polyacrylamide improved the catalytic performance of CO2 methanation.
A novel agarose/Ti3C2Tx-crosslinked-polyacrylamide (AG/T-PAM) double-network (DN) hydrogel is synthesized by combining heating-cooling and γ-ray radiation-induced polymerization. The AG/T-PAM DN ...hydrogel possesses excellent mechanical properties with 4250% stretchability, and good adhesion to different substrates, such as an adhesive strength of 1148 kPa to copper at 30 °C. The resultant hydrogel also exhibits excellent tensile and compression sensing properties due to the variation of conductive network within hydrogel. The flexible and wearable strain sensor composed of the AG/T-PAM DN hydrogel presents rapid response to strain withstand 1000 cycles, and can monitor various movements of human body with a high sensibility. The AG/T-PAM DN hydrogel-based strain sensor will have broad application in large-scale strain detection scenarios requiring high sensitivity and adhesion.
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•AG/T-PAM DN hydrogel is synthesized by heating-cooling and γ-ray radiation.•AG/T-PAM DN hydrogel has super stretchability and adhesion to various substrates.•AG/T-PAM DN hydrogel-based flexible strain sensor exhibits enhanced sensitivity.•AG/T-PAM DN hydrogel-based strain sensor can monitor movements of human body.
Most molecular functions depend on defined associations of proteins. Protein-protein interactions may be transient or long-lasting; they may lead to labile assemblies or more stable particles termed ...protein complexes. Studying protein-protein interactions is of prime importance for understanding molecular functions in cells. The complexome profiling approach allows to systematically analyze protein assemblies of cells or subcellular compartments. It combines separation of intact protein fractions by blue native (BN) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and protein identification as well as quantification by mass spectrometry. Complexome profiling has been successfully applied to characterize mitochondrial fractions of plants. In a typical experiment, more than 1000 mitochondrial proteins are identified and assigned to defined protein assemblies. It allows discovering so far unknown protein complexes, studying assembly pathways of protein complexes and even characterizing labile super- and megacomplexes in the >10 mega-Dalton range. We here present a complexome profiling protocol for the straightforward definition of the protein complex inventory of mitochondria or other subcellular compartments from plants.
Epichaperomes are disease-associated pathologic scaffolds, composed of tightly bound chaperones, co-chaperones, and other factors. They mediate anomalous protein-protein interactions inside cells, ...which aberrantly affects the function of protein networks, and in turn, cellular phenotypes. Epichaperome study necessitates the implementation of methods that retain these protein complexes in their native cellular states for analysis. Here we describe a protocol for detection and composition analysis of epichaperomes in cell homogenates through native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, and the red-banded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii, pose significant economic threats to cotton and soybean crops in the mid-southern USA. However, the ...efficacy of insecticide spraying is comparatively low, and adjuvants play a crucial role in optimizing insecticide performance. This study evaluated the impact of two adjuvants, sodium alginate (SA) and polyacrylamide (PAM), on enhancing the efficacy of bifenthrin and imidacloprid via laboratory spray bioassays. Both SA and PAM demonstrated insignificant variation in LCsub.50 values with formulated bifenthrin and imidacloprid. However, SA and PAM exhibited synergistic effects with two technical-grade insecticides. High concentrations of PAM increased the efficacy of bifenthrin by 1.50- and 1.70-fold for L. lineolaris and P. guildinii, respectively. Conversely, no enhancement effect was observed for the SA–technical-grade bifenthrin combination against either insect pests. Additionally, both SA and PAM enhanced the effectiveness of imidacloprid in P. guildinii by up to 2.68- and 2.73-fold, respectively. While a high concentration of PAM had a 1.45-fold synergistic effect on technical-grade imidacloprid, no enhancement effect was observed for the SA/imidacloprid combination in L. lineolaris. This study explored the synergistic impact of SA and PAM on the efficacy of technical-grade and formulated bifenthrin and imidacloprid, providing valuable insights into optimizing pest control strategies in agriculture.
Chitosan (Ch) was entrapped in polyacrylamide (PAA) by direct polymerization of acrylamide in a suspension of Ch. The adsorptive features of PAA-Ch and Ch were then investigated for Pb2+, UO22+, and ...Th4+ in view of dependency on ion concentration, temperature, and kinetics. Additional considerations were also given to their ion selectivity and reusability. Isotherms were L and H type of Giles classification and evaluated with reference to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) models. PAA-Ch had higher adsorption capacity than Ch for all studied ions so that the sequences were Th4+ > Pb2+ > UO22+ concordantly with their affective ionic charges. The affinity of Ch in PAA increased for Pb2+ and UO22+ but did not change for Th4+. The values of enthalpy and entropy changed were positive for all studied ions for both Ch and PAA-Ch. The negative free enthalpy change value indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous in the sequence of Th4+ > =Pb2+ > UO22+. Free energy values derived from DR model implied that the sorption process is the ion exchange. Well compatibility of adsorption kinetics to the pseudosecond-order model predicate that the rate-controlling step is a chemical sorption. The study for ion selectivity showed that both Ch and PAA-Ch had the highest affinity to Pb2+. The reusability tests for Ch and PAA-Ch for Pb2+ for five uses showed that complete recovery of the ion was possible. The studied features of PAA-Ch suggest that the material should be considered as a new adsorbent. It is envisaged that the use of Ch in PAA will enhance practicality and effectiveness of Ch in separation and removal procedures.
Proposed photocatalytic mechanism of CuCo2O4 photocatalyst.
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•CuCo2O4 nanoparticles was prepared via a Polyacrylamide gel method.•The structure, morphology, and band-gap of CuCo2O4 ...were characterized.•The CuCo2O4 photocatalyst demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity and stability.•The reaction mechanism of CuCo2O4 photocatalyst was proposed.
The phase-pure and well-dispersed CuCo2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were designed and fabricated for the first time using a simple and inexpensive polyacrylamide gel method. The crystal structure, morphology and optical property of the CuCo2O4 NPs were characterized by various instruments in detail. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) patterns show that the pure phase of CuCo2O4. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal that the CuCo2O4 NPs have size distribution in the range of 50–200 nm. Photocatalytic degradation experiments show that the CuCo2O4 NPs possess superior photocatalytic activity and stability to degrade oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTCH) under visible illumination. In addition, the active species trapping experiments confirm that the hydroxyl radicals (OH) and holes (h+) play the major role in the degradation of OTCH by CuCo2O4 NPs. Additionally, according to the analysis of the experimental results, a possible photocatalytic mechanism was discussed.
