Contemporary youth literature is characterised by deviation from the traditional pattern of obedient child and a happy childhood. The topics on which the writers in Slovenia in the seventies and ...especially in the nineties openly wrote, have become problem or taboo – so denoted by certain groups, especially those of teachers and parents. The article presents the views of Slovenian primary school teachers and teachers of Slovenian towards discussing problem texts in literature classes in basic school. On the basis of empirical non-experimental research, which included 33 teachers of Slovenian and 58 primary school teachers, statistically significant difference in defining the suitability of topics, and in relation to problem texts have been found.
Modern electronic devices and novel materials often derive their extraordinary properties from the intriguing, complex behavior of large numbers of electrons forming what is known as an electron ...liquid. This book provides an in-depth introduction to the physics of the interacting electron liquid in a broad variety of systems, including metals, semiconductors, artificial nano-structures, atoms and molecules. One, two and three dimensional systems are treated separately and in parallel. Different phases of the electron liquid, from the Landau Fermi liquid to the Wigner crystal, from the Luttinger liquid to the quantum Hall liquid are extensively discussed. Both static and time-dependent density functional theory are presented in detail. Although the emphasis is on the development of the basic physical ideas and on a critical discussion of the most useful approximations, the formal derivation of the results is highly detailed and based on the simplest, most direct methods.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the design of neural network models for solving math word problems (MWPs). These neural solvers have been designed with various architectures ...and evaluated on diverse datasets, posing challenges in fair and effective performance evaluation. This paper presents a comparative study of representative neural solvers, aiming to elucidate their technical features and performance variations in solving different types of MWPs. Firstly, an in-depth technical analysis is conducted from the initial deep neural solver DNS to the state-of-the-art GPT-4. To enhance the technical analysis, a unified framework is introduced, which comprises highly reusable modules decoupled from existing MWP solvers. Subsequently, a testbed is established to conveniently reproduce existing solvers and develop new solvers by combing these reusable modules, and finely regrouped datasets are provided to facilitate the comparative evaluation of the designed solvers. Then, comprehensive testing is conducted and detailed results for eight representative MWP solvers on five finely regrouped datasets are reported. The comparative analysis yields several key findings: (1) Pre-trained language model-based solvers demonstrate significant accuracy advantages across nearly all datasets, although they suffer from limitations in math equation calculation. (2) Models integrated with tree decoders exhibit strong performance in generating complex math equations. (3) Identifying and appropriately representing implicit knowledge hidden in problem texts is crucial for improving the accuracy of math equation generation. Finally, the paper also discusses the major technical challenges and potential research directions in this field. The insights gained from this analysis offer valuable guidance for future research, model development, and performance optimization in the field of math word problem solving.
Benefit from the neural network research, a couple of neural solvers have been developed for automatically solving math word problems (MWPs). These neural solvers are evaluated on several benchmark ...datasets with diverse characteristics, which leads to a poor comparability of the performance of each solver. To address the problem, a comparative analysis is conducted in this paper to explore the performance variations of neural solvers in solving different characteristic MWPs. The architectures of the typical neural solvers are studied and a four-dimensional index model is proposed to characterize the benchmark dataset into different subsets. The experimental results show that the Seq2Seq-based model solvers perform well on most of the subsets, while Graph2Tree based solvers seem to have more potential in solving problems with complex expression structures.
The origins of arithmetic and algebra are shrouded in the mists of time. It is well known that even the simplest problem in arithmetic can give rise to expressions that we would refer to as ...equations. All early societies for which we have a written record show evidence of such algebraic problems and their solutions. The Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, which have some bearing on the issue at hand, are no exceptions. In Babylonian and Egyptian texts alike, we encounter simple mathematical problems, often relating to the division of possessions. This evidence, like that from many other cultures, seems to confirm that a centrally governed state relies on two prerequisites: grain to feed the people and mathematics to distribute it fairly1
•Numerical and syntactical text variations generate different answers distributions.•Statistically significant results confirmed solid findings in mathematics education.•Interesting new quantitative ...phenomena emerged concerning a classical topic.•Different impacts of the variations on different categories of students emerged.•The same variation affected differently males and females in a significant way.
In this paper, we present a methodological approach to the investigation of the impacts of text formulation on students’ answers in mathematical problem solving-based assessment. After a review of the related literature in Mathematics education and a review of the methodologies used until now to investigate this research issue, we describe in depth our quantitative approach, providing motivations and examples of its statistical relevance and its potentiality in making interesting phenomena emerge, to be interpreted with further qualitative methods. We observed statistically significant evidences of different impacts of the variations on different categories of students (males/females; students with high and low performances in the whole test). The methodology and our preliminary results can inform researchers in mathematics education, teachers and experts in the agencies that are responsible for large-scale students learning assessment in several contexts (national and international).
Exploring social problems on a global scale This text uses social science perspectives to examine the various dimensions of globalization, the social problems of inequality, war and violence, and ...environmental sustainability that are occurring on a global scale. Clear writing and vivid examples help students to better understand their role as global citizens. The book was designed for courses such as Global Issues, Contemporary Problems, Social Problems, Social Stratification, World Cultures, and Social Change. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers should be able to: Understand social problems on a global scale - from inequalities to sustainability See the interconnections of the world and people throughout the world Learn about issues with a multinational and multidisciplinary approach, so readers will be able to have a broader understanding of the subject.
Boundary Value Problems is the leading text on boundary value problems and Fourier series. The author, David Powers, (Clarkson) has written a thorough, theoretical overview of solving boundary value ...problems involving partial differential equations by the methods of separation of variables. Professors and students agree that the author is a master at creating linear problems that adroitly illustrate the techniques of separation of variables used to solve science and engineering.
* CD with animations and graphics of solutions, additional exercises and chapter review questions* Nearly 900 exercises ranging in difficulty* Many fully worked examples
This book presents new accurate and efficient exponentially convergent methods for abstract differential equations with unbounded operator coefficients in Banach space. These methods are highly ...relevant for practical scientific computing since the equations under consideration can be seen as the meta-models of systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE) as well as of partial differential equations (PDEs) describing various applied problems. The framework of functional analysis allows one to obtain very general but at the same time transparent algorithms and mathematical results which then can be applied to mathematical models of the real world. The problem class includes initial value problems (IVP) for first order differential equations with constant and variable unbounded operator coefficients in a Banach space (the heat equation is a simple example), boundary value problems for the second order elliptic differential equation with an operator coefficient (e.g. the Laplace equation), IVPs for the second order strongly damped differential equation as well as exponentially convergent methods to IVPs for the first order nonlinear differential equation with unbounded operator coefficients. For researchers and students of numerical functional analysis, engineering and other sciences this book provides highly efficient algorithms for the numerical solution of differential equations and applied problems.
This book, although targeting educational leaders, - teachers, school-based administrators, superintendents, board members, policy makers and education students, is also addressed to those interested ...in the topic of ethics and those who seek the development of an ethical awareness and an appropriate intellectual processes when facing ethical issues. In particular, the book uses both deductive and inductive methods to provide the reader with a progressive experience of ethical discernment and analysis in order to deal with and prepare the reader to address ethical issues in the public square - a task which requires that such decisions are rational, defensible, and clearly articulated. Institutional leaders' diligence and integrity requires no less in attaining and sustaining the support of those they must lead in and through the institutional decisions and policies which effect constituents' lives. Through the use of clearly stated definitions, the presentation of ethical schools of thought, cases, original plays - within which readers are encouraged to engage while in a safe learning environment - and references to poems, movie, and video clips, the book provides a lively and challenging approach to studying the topic of ethics.
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