Globally, coal was and remains one of the main primary energy resources, being the cheapest option for power generation. Coal deposits are available in large quantities, its exploitation being done ...with more stable prices and less sensitive to a series of international events, but it has the disadvantage of significant additional costs, due to the technologies required to reduce emissions in the environment. Romania, one of the most important coal-producing countries in Europe, has a long tradition in the mining industry and has important coal reserves, which can ensure the continuity of production for more than 150 years. Unfortunately, after 1989, coal production in our country almost halved, mainly due to the decrease in mining activity and the reduction of coal consumption (both by industry, such as steel and households - for the heat consumed from power plants based on of coal). At the moment, Romania mainly imports coal, but the share of imported coal also decreased to a quarter compared to 1990.
Issues relating to the potential collapse of oil prices and possible consequences which are rising for all oil producing countries including OPEC countries (in which Algeria is a member). Since ...February 2011, a national renewable energy (RE) program was launched by the president of Algeria to make RE a major source of production for electrical energy which is a fundamental concept for sustainable development. A prospective analysis will be used to contribute in making a decision for such process. This article addresses the issue that explains the current and future energy scenarios in Algeria with the aim of investigating opportunities and possibilities for enhancing the presence of renewable energy resources in Algeria's Energy mix. This prospective is particularly suitable to the treatment of long-term technological energy issues in Algeria from an explicit representation of economic characteristics (represented by indicators: GDP, population and unemployment), and energetics (expressed by the aggregate of energy production, of total and final consumption) during the period 1962–2012. The developed approach can enrich the discussion of possible consequences of futures energy in the country. We focused on the consumer sectors of energy (Industrial, Transport and Household sector) and strategies to increase the contribution of renewable in the energy supply, in order to respond efficiently to national expectations as part of their energy and economic objectives. It should be noted that the present study offers three energy scenarios in Algeria from mid to long term. We suggest that the scenario " Trended Non Energetic Efficiency (EE) " could be a reference in the 10 coming years. Moreover, " Trended of EE " and " voluntarism of EE " are considered as transition scenarios in case that Algeria desires to improve its energy system on the horizon of 2062, a year taken as a reference to the 100 year jubilee of independence.
U radu su prikazane ekonomske osnove eksternih troškova i način njihove procjene. Opisana su dva osnovna načina za određivanje eksternih troškova: metoda slijeda utjecaja (ili metoda troškova štete) ...i metoda troškova kontrole. Pritom se definirao opseg analize, prioritetni utjecaji, pritisci na okoliš, prihvatna okolina, rasprostiranje polutanata u okolišu (procjena izloženosti), funkcijska veza izloženosti i učinaka, novčano vrednovanje i ocjena nesigurnosti
Zaključeno je da troškovi smanjenja emisija progresivno rastu sa stupnjem redukcije, iz čega slijedi da politika zaštite okoliša koja se temelji isključivo na propisivanju standarda nije idealno rješenje jer izaziva nepotrebno visoke troškove. Pokazalo se da bi relaksacija regulativnih prema tržišno orijentiranim mjerama mogla donijeti financijsku uštedu uz istu ekološku dobit.
In recent years, rapid changes and improvements have been witnessed in the field of transformer condition monitoring and assessment, especially with the advances in computational intelligence ...techniques. Condition Monitoring and Assessment of Power Transformers Using Computational Intelligence applies a broad range of computational intelligence techniques to deal with practical transformer operation problems. The approaches introduced are presented in a concise and flowing manner, tackling complex transformer modelling problems and uncertainties occurring in transformer fault diagnosis. Condition Monitoring and Assessment of Power Transformers Using Computational Intelligence covers both the fundamental theories and the most up-to-date research in this rapidly changing field. Many examples have been included that use real-world measurements and realistic operating scenarios of power transformers to fully illustrate the use of computational intelligence techniques for a variety of transformer modelling and fault diagnosis problems. Condition Monitoring and Assessment of Power Transformers Using Computational Intelligence is a useful book for professional engineers and postgraduate students. It also provides a firm foundation for advanced undergraduate students in power engineering.
Introduction to Thermoelectricity is the latest work by Professor Julian Goldsmid drawing on his 55 years experience in the field. The theory of the thermoelectric and related phenomena is presented ...in sufficient detail to enable researchers to understand their observations and develop improved thermoelectric materials. The methods for the selection of materials and their improvement are discussed. Thermoelectric materials for use in refrigeration and electrical generation are reviewed. Experimental techniques for the measurement of properties and for the production of thermoelements are described. Special emphasis is placed on nanotechnology which promises to yield great improvements in the efficiency of thermoelectric devices. Chapters are also devoted to transverse thermoelectric effects and thermionic energy conversion, both techniques offering the promise of important applications in the future.
The present book addresses various power system planning issues for professionals as well as senior level and postgraduate students. Its emphasis is on long-term issues, although much of the ideas ...may be used for short and mid-term cases, with some modifications. Back-up materials are provided in twelve appendices of the book. The readers can use the numerous examples presented within the chapters and problems at the end of the chapters, to make sure that the materials are adequately followed up. Based on what Matlab provides as a powerful package for students and professional, some of the examples and the problems are solved in using M-files especially developed and attached for this purpose. This adds a unique feature to the book for in-depth understanding of the materials, sometimes, difficult to apprehend mathematically. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to Power System Planning (PSP) issues and basic principles. As most of PSP problems are modeled as optimization problems, optimization techniques are covered in some details in Chapter 2. Moreover, PSP decision makings are based on both technical and economic considerations, so economic principles are briefly reviewed in Chapter 3. As a basic requirement of PSP studies, the load has to be known. Therefore, load forecasting is presented in Chapter 4. Single bus Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) problem is described in Chapter 5. This study is performed using WASP-IV, developed by International Atomic Energy Agency. The study ignores the grid structure. A Multi-bus GEP problem is discussed in Chapter 6 in which the transmission effects are, somehow, accounted for. The results of single bus GEP is used as an input to this problem. SEP problem is fully presented in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 devotes to Network Expansion Planning (NEP) problem, in which the network is planned. The results of NEP, somehow, fixes the network structure. Some practical considerations and improvements such as multi-voltage cases are discussed in Chapter 9. As NEP study is typically based on some simplifying assumptions and Direct Current Load Flow (DCLF) analysis, detailed Reactive Power Planning (RPP) study is finally presented in Chapter 10, to guarantee acceptable ACLF performance during normal as well as contingency conditions. This, somehow, concludes the basic PSP problem. The changing environments due to power system restructuring dictate some uncertainties on PSP issues. It is shown in Chapter 11 that how these uncertainties can be accounted for. Although is intended to be a text book, PSP is a research oriented topic, too. That is why Chapter 12 is devoted to research trends in PSP. The chapters conclude with a comprehensive example in Chapter 13, showing the step-by-step solution of a practical case.
Decision Making Under Uncertainty in Electricity Markets Conejo, Antonio J; Carrión, Miguel; Morales, Juan M
International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science,
2010., Letnik:
153
eBook
Odprti dostop
Decision Making Under Uncertainty in Electricity Markets provides models and procedures to be used by electricity market agents to make informed decisions under uncertainty. These procedures rely on ...well established stochastic programming models, which make them efficient and robust. Particularly, these techniques allow electricity producers to derive offering strategies for the pool and contracting decisions in the futures market. Retailers use these techniques to derive selling prices to clients and energy procurement strategies through the pool, the futures market and bilateral contracting. Using the proposed models, consumers can derive the best energy procurement strategies using the available trading floors. The market operator can use the techniques proposed in this book to clear simultaneously energy and reserve markets promoting efficiency and equity. The techniques described in this book are of interest for professionals working on energy markets, and for graduate students in power engineering, applied mathematics, applied economics, and operations research.
" Power system modelling and scripting is a quite general and ambitious title. Of course, to embrace all existing aspects of power system modelling would lead to an encyclopedia and would be likely ...an impossible task. Thus, the book focuses on a subset of power system models based on the following assumptions: (i) devices are modelled as a set of nonlinear differential algebraic equations, (ii) all alternate-current devices are operating in three-phase balanced fundamental frequency, and (iii) the time frame of the dynamics of interest ranges from tenths to tens of seconds. These assumptions basically restrict the analysis to transient stability phenomena and generator controls. The modelling step is not self-sufficient. Mathematical models have to be translated into computerprogramming code in order to be analyzed, understood and ""experienced"". It is an object of the book to provide a general framework for a power system analysis software tool and hints for filling up this framework with versatile programming code.This book is for all students and researchers that are looking for a quick reference on power system models or need some guidelines for starting the challenging adventure of writing their own code."
Photovoltaic generation is one of the cleanest forms of energy conversion available. One of the advantages offered by solar energy is its potential to provide sustainable electricity in areas not ...served by the conventional power grid. Optimisation of Photovoltaic Power Systems details explicit modelling, control and optimisation of the most popular stand-alone applications such as pumping, power supply, and desalination. Each section is concluded by an example using the MATLAB® and Simulink® packages to help the reader understand and evaluate the performance of different photovoltaic systems. Optimisation of Photovoltaic Power Systems provides engineers, graduate and postgraduate students with the means to understand, assess and develop their own photovoltaic systems. As such, it is an essential tool for all those wishing to specialise in stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Optimisation of Photovoltaic Power Systems aims to enable all researchers in the field of electrical engineering to thoroughly understand the concepts of photovoltaic systems; find solutions to their problems; and choose the appropriate mathematical model for optimising photovoltaic energy.
