In recent years, several new biomarkers supplementing the role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have become available for men with prostate cancer. Although widely used in an
manner, the role of ...PSA in screening asymptomatic men for prostate cancer is controversial. Several expert panels, however, have recently recommended limited PSA screening following informed consent in average-risk men, aged 55–69 years. As a screening test for prostate cancer however, PSA has limited specificity and leads to overdiagnosis which in turn results in overtreatment. To increase specificity and reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies, biomarkers such as percent free PSA, prostate health index (PHI) or the 4K score may be used, while Progensa PCA3 may be measured to reduce the number of repeat biopsies in men with a previously negative biopsy. In addition to its role in screening, PSA is also widely used in the management of patients with diagnosed prostate cancer such as in surveillance following diagnosis, monitoring response to therapy and in combination with both clinical and histological criteria in risk stratification for recurrence. For determining aggressiveness and predicting outcome, especially in low- or intermediate-risk men, tissue-based multigene tests such as Decipher, Oncotype DX (Prostate), Prolaris and ProMark, may be used. Emerging therapy predictive biomarkers include AR-V7 for predicting lack of response to specific anti-androgens (enzalutamide, abiraterone), BRAC1/2 mutations for predicting benefit from PARP inhibitor and PORTOS for predicting benefit from radiotherapy. With the increased availability of multiple biomarkers, personalised treatment for men with prostate cancer is finally on the horizon.
Objetivos: La termoterapia bipolar por radiofrecuencia es uno de los métodos adoptados en pacientes con alto riesgo quirúrgico. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el efecto de la termoterapia de ...radiofrecuencia bipolar y los métodos de RTUP en los síntomas de vaciado y en las tasas de complicaciones posoperatorias, especialmente en pacientes con alto riesgo quirúrgico. Métodos: Se compararon el IPSS, el Qmax, la calidad de vida, los volúmenes de próstata y las complicaciones posoperatorias de los pacientes sometidos a RTUP y RF para la HBP preoperatorios, posoperatorios al primer y sexto mes. Resultados: En el grupo de RF, la mediana preoperatoria del IPSS fue de 30, el volumen prostático de 41.5 cc, el PVR de 80 ml y el Qmax de 5.85 ml/seg.; En el grupo RTUP estos fueron 29, 40 cc, 85 ml y 5.3 ml/seg, respectivamente. En el grupo de RF bipolar, los valores medianos postoperatorios del primer y sexto mes fueron IPSS 18, 21; volumen de próstata 40, 40; PVR 40, 35; Qmax 10.9, 9.15 y en el grupo TURP IPSS 9, 8; volumen de próstata 20, 20; PVR 30, 10; Qmax 17.25, 19.1, respectivamente. Conclusión: La termoterapia de RF bipolar es un método de tratamiento aplicable para pacientes con HPB con alto riesgo quirúrgico.
•An antifouling and sensitive PSA aptasensor was constructed by simple electrochemical method.•The coral-like polyaniline electrodeposited on GCE played a key role for improving the performance of ...the aptasensor.•The aptasensor possessed wide linear range, low LOD and high sensitivity.•The aptasensor can directly detect ATP in human serum samples.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA), as the significant biomarker of prostate cancer, has aroused widespread concern. However, constructing the PSA aptasensor with high sensitivity and low detection limit is still facing huge challenges. In this study, a sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for detecting PSA based on coral-like poly-aniline (PANI)/gold nano-particles (AuNPs) and the peptides was constructed. Coral-like PANI and AuNPs with the diameter of 50–80 nm, as the substrate materials, were directly deposited on glass carbon electrode (GCE) by electrodeposited method. Then, the peptides, as the antifouling materials, were anchored on the modified-electrode, which not only can form antifouling surface to reduce nonspecific adsorption, but also can be as a medium between the modified-electrode and PSA aptamer. Finally, the PSA aptamer was immobilized on the electrode. Based on the synergistic effect of excellent conductivity and special morphology of the substrate materials, and the antifouling ability of peptides, the aptasensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 462.7 μA(ng mL−1)−1 cm−2, wide linear range from 0.1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1, low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.085 pg mL-1 and good antifouling performance. The aptasensor also possessed outstanding selectivity, reproducibility and stability. Moreover, the aptasensor can directly detect PSA in 10% human serum solutions.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer with a high mortality rate. The early and accurate detection of PCa can significantly reduce mortality and saves lives. Hence, the nanomaterials ...based electrochemical nano-biosensors for PCa biomarkers will be the excellent alternative for diagnosis, detection and management of disease condition. In this review, we present a concise summary of the latest attainment and advancement in the use of nanoparticles for the diagnosis of PCa biomarkers. This review highlighted the importance of applying specific biomarkers along with nanomaterials like gold, magnetic, carbon nanotubes, and many other materials for developing electrochemical nanobiosensors in PCa detection. In addition to a summary on PCa detection, we further ensure future perspectives in PCa biomarkers detection, sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, cost-effectiveness and succeeding optimizations of novel technologies for more feasibility. Finally, closing remarks and an outlook conclude the review.
•This review aims to give an overview of recent advances in prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers detection by electrochemical biosensors.•We gave an importance of use of nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors in early detection of PCa.•Fabrication of low-cost nanotechnology-based PCa biomarkers with good sensitivity, selectivity and stability have been discussed.
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm in American men. Although existing biomarkers may detect localized prostate cancer, additional strategies are necessary for improving detection ...and identifying aggressive disease that may require further intervention. One promising, minimally invasive biomarker is cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which consist of short DNA fragments released into circulation by dying or lysed cells that may reflect underlying cancer. Here we investigated whether differences in cfDNA concentration and cfDNA fragment size could improve the sensitivity for detecting more advanced and aggressive prostate cancer. This study included 268 individuals: 34 healthy controls, 112 men with localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), and 122 men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Plasma cfDNA concentration and fragment size were quantified with the Qubit 3.0 and the 2100 Bioanalyzer. The potential relationship between cfDNA concentration or fragment size and localized or mCRPC prostate cancer was evaluated with descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and area under the curve analysis with cross-validation. Plasma cfDNA concentrations were elevated in mCRPC patients in comparison to localized disease (OR
= 1.34, P = 0.027) or to being a control (OR
= 1.69, P = 0.034). Decreased average fragment size was associated with an increased risk of localized disease compared to controls (OR
= 0.77, P = 0.0008). This study suggests that while cfDNA concentration can identify mCRPC patients, it is unable to distinguish between healthy individuals and patients with localized prostate cancer. In addition to PSA, average cfDNA fragment size may be an alternative that can differentiate between healthy individuals and those with localized disease, but the low sensitivity and specificity results in an imperfect diagnostic marker. While quantification of cfDNA may provide a quick, cost-effective approach to help guide treatment decisions in advanced disease, its use is limited in the setting of localized prostate cancer.
Catalytic anticancer metallodrugs active at low doses could minimize side-effects, introduce novel mechanisms of action that combat resistance and widen the spectrum of anticancer-drug activity. Here ...we use highly stable chiral half-sandwich organometallic Os(II) arene sulfonyl diamine complexes, Os(arene)(TsDPEN) (TsDPEN, N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine), to achieve a highly enantioselective reduction of pyruvate, a key intermediate in metabolic pathways. Reduction is shown both in aqueous model systems and in human cancer cells, with non-toxic concentrations of sodium formate used as a hydride source. The catalytic mechanism generates selectivity towards ovarian cancer cells versus non-cancerous fibroblasts (both ovarian and lung), which are commonly used as models of healthy proliferating cells. The formate precursor N-formylmethionine was explored as an alternative to formate in PC3 prostate cancer cells, which are known to overexpress a deformylase enzyme. Transfer-hydrogenation catalysts that generate reductive stress in cancer cells offer a new approach to cancer therapy.
Since early 2000s, machine learning algorithms have been widely used in many research and industrial fields, most prominently in computer vison. Lately, many fields of study have tried to use these ...automated methods, and there are several reports from the field of spectroscopy. In this study, we demonstrate a classification model based on machine learning to classify Raman spectra. We obtained Raman spectra from extracellular vesicles (EVs) to find tumor derived EVs. The convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on preprocessed Raman data and raw Raman data. We compare the result from CNN with results from principal component analysis that is widely used among in spectroscopy. The new model classifies EVs with an accuracy of >90%. Moreover, the new model based on CNN is also suitable for classifying the raw Raman data directly without preprocessing with a minimum accuracy of 93%.
In this study, we demonstrate a classification model based on machine learning to classify Raman spectra. We obtained Raman spectra from EVs to discriminate tumor derived EVs from blood product derived EVs. The CNN was trained on preprocessed Raman data and raw Raman data. We compare the result from CNN with results from PCA.
It is a great challenge to fabricate multiplex and convenient photoelectrochemical biosensors for ultrasensitive determination of biomarkers. Herein, a fascinating potentiometric addressable ...photoelectrochemical biosensor was reported for double biomarkers’ detection by varying the applied bias in the detection process. In this biosensor, the nanocomposite of cube anatase TiO2 mesocrystals and polyamidoamine dendrimers modified a dual disk electrode as an excellent photoelectrochemical sensing matrix. Subsequently, two important biomarkers in serum for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen and human interleukin-6, were immobilized onto the different disks of modified electrode via glutaraldehyde bridges. Then another two photosensitizers, graphitic-carbon-nitride-labeled and CS-AgI-labeled different antibodies, were self-assembled onto the electrode surface by a corresponding competitive immune recognition reaction. The change in photocurrent with the target antigen concentration at different critical voltages enables us to selectively and quantitatively determine targets. The results demonstrated that this potentiometric addressable photoelectrochemical biosensing strategy not only has great promise as a new point-of-care diagnostic tool for early detection of prostate cancer but also can be conveniently expanded to multiplex biosensing by simply change biomarkers. More importantly, this work provides an unambiguous operating guideline of multiplex photoelectrochemical immunoassay.
Display omitted
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with higher magnetization are highly desirable for targeted drug delivery (TDD) systems, as it helps accumulation of drug at the target site. However, ...functionalization of MNPs for drug binding reduces the magnetization which affects the efficacy of TDD. Herein we report direct functionalization of MNPs with (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) which preserves the magnetization. Grafting density estimated by TGA and BET analysis showed monolayer grafting of APTES on MNP surface. MNPs were comprehensively characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, SQUID-VSM and FTIR. Anti-cancerous drug telmisartan (TEL) was loaded on monolayer APTES grafted MNPs. In-vitro controlled drug release and cytotoxicity study on PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line of TEL conjugated MNPs are also discussed. This functionalization strategy can be extended to other biomedical applications where higher magnetization is desired.
Display omitted
•CaCO3 capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles with surface camouflaged with cancer cell membrane.•The nanoparticles is constructed only by naturally biomaterials.•The nanoparticles ...combine biocompatibility, pH-sensitive drug release and homotypic targeting.•The nanoparticles efficiently inhibited prostate tumor growth.
Nanoparticular drug delivery system (NDDS) has great potential for enhancing the efficacy of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. However, it is still a great challenge to fabricate a biocompatible NDDS with simple structure capable of optimizing therapeutic efficacy, such as high tumor accumulation, suitable drug release profile (e.g. no premature drug leakage in normal physiological conditions while having a rapid release in cancer cells), low immunogenicity, as well as good biocompatibility. In this work, a simple core/shell structured nanoparticle was fabricated for prostate cancer treatment, in which a mesoporous silica nanoparticle core was applied as a container to high-efficiently encapsulate drugs (doxorubicin, DOX), CaCO3 interlayer was designed to act as sheddable pH-sensitive gatekeepers for controlling drug release, and cancer cell membrane wrapped outlayer could improve the colloid stability and tumor accumulation capacity. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that the as-prepared nanovehicles (denoted as DOX/MSN@CaCO3@CM) could be efficiently uptaken by LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cells and even exhibited a better anti-tumor efficiency than free DOX. In addition, Live/Dead cell detection and apoptosis experiment demonstrated that MSN/DOX@CaCO3@CM could effectively induce apoptosis-related death in prostate cancer cells. In vivo antitumor results demonstrated that DOX/MSN@CaCO3@CM administration could remarkably suppress the tumor growth. Compared with other tedious approaches to optimize the therapeutic efficacy, this study provides an effective drug targeting system only using naturally biomaterials for the treatment of prostate cancer, which might have great potential in clinic usage.
PDF
