Raba konoplje v medicinske namene Armin Čulić; Branko Bregar; Mirna Macur
Obzornik zdravstvene nege,
12/2021, Letnik:
55, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Uvod: Slovenija je leta 2017 spremenila uredbo o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog in omogočila uporabo konoplje v medicinske namene. Konoplja ima več kot 140 kanabinoidnih spojin, med katerimi sta ...najbolj izpostavljeni kanabidiol in tetrahidrokanabinol, saj imata potencial za zdravljenje bolezni. Namen pregleda je raziskati rabo konoplje v medicinske namene. Metode: Izveden je bil integrativni pregled literature v digitalni zbirki podatkov PubMed, spletnem iskalniku Google učenjak in vzajemnemu bibliografskemu sistemu COBISS s pomočjo besednih zvez: »cannabis AND medical use«, »marihuana AND medical use« in »raba konoplje v medicinske namene«. Omejitve iskanja so bile: obdobje objave literature (2008–2019), prost dostop do recenziranih strokovnih in znanstvenih člankov ter literatura v angleškem ali slovenskem jeziku. Za pregled literature je bila uporabljena tematska analiza prebranega gradiva. Rezultati: Za pregled literature je bilo za končno analizo primernih 29 člankov. Identificiranih je bilo 52 kod, združenih v štiri teme: (1) zdravljenje s konopljo, (2) lastnosti konoplje, (3) delovanje kanabidiola, (4) delovanje tetrahidrokanabinola. Diskusija in zaključek: Konoplja se že tisočletja uporablja v medicinske namene. Danes jo v svetu uporabljajo predvsem za zdravljenje naslednjih bolezni: astme, diabetesa, epilepsije, raka, Parkinsonove bolezni, Alzheimerjeve demence, multiple skleroze. V Sloveniji je konoplja odstranjena s seznama najbolj nevarnih drog, a do njene rabe v medicinske namene je zahteven proces.
Based on an online survey conducted among scholarship holders from the Slovene Raba Region who studied at higher education institutions in Slovenia, interviews with representatives of minority ...organisations, professional literature and newspaper reports, the article analyses the role of this group of scholarship holders in the development of the Slovene national community in Hungary. The results confirm the initial assumption that scholarship holders are indeed the promoters of the development of their community. Likewise, the results provide information on the scholarship policy as well as on the efforts of Slovene minority structures to involve young people, including scholarship holders, in their activities. The data also show, among other things, that due to the economic underdevelopment of the border area, the Raba Region is not seen as a promising environment for young people, although the respondents would like it to be so.
Biodiversity is one of the important components in efforts to manage conservation of resources, this study aims to determine the type of fungus Basidiomycota Division found in Pucok Krueng Raba ...Nature Tourism, Aceh Besar District. The study was conducted with a roaming method (explorative survey) by directly observing macroscopic fungi found in the tourist attraction area of Pucok Krueng Raba, Aceh Besar Regency, the research location was divided into 3 observation stations. From the results of the study found 12 types of fungi from the Basidiomycota division which is divided into 10 families and most families found in Maramiaceae. The air temperature in the region is 29 C and the humidity is 76%.
V članku na podlagi opravljene spletne ankete s porabskimi štipendisti, ki so se izobraževali na visokošolskih ustanovah v Sloveniji, intervjujev s predstavnicama manjšinskih organi-zacij, strokovne ...literature in časopisnih člankov analiziramo, kakšen je bil in je pomen omenjenih štipendistov za razvoj slovenske narodne skupnosti na Madžarskem. Rezultati potrjujejo izhodiščno predpostavko, da so štipendisti dejansko nosilci razvoja lastne skupnosti. Obenem rezultati prinašajo podatke o štipendijski politiki in prizadevanjih slovenskih manjšinskih struktur za vključitev mladih, tudi štipendistov, v svoje delovanje. Pridobljeni podatki so med drugim tudi pokazali, da zaradi gospodarske nerazvitosti ob-mejnega območja Porabje trenutno ne predstavlja perspektivnega okolja za mlade, čeprav bi si anketiranci to želeli. Ključne besede: slovensko Porabje, slovenska skupnost na Madžarskem, mladi, porabski štipendisti.
The European beaver (Castor fiber) was reintroduced in the Polish Carpathians in the 1980s after a few centuries of absence. It gradually colonized suitable habitats in the Raba River valley and ...elsewhere. The question arises as to whether beaver activity can play a role in the local improvement of hydromorphological conditions and spontaneous renaturalization of the Raba River channel. Field surveys were performed in morphodynamically and structurally homogeneous reaches of the river. Traces of beaver activity were identified and used to estimate the studied beaver population. Local beaver impact on the studied river channel was also determined. The Raba channel is trained along about 80% of its length and considerably incised. Traces of beavers activity were found in 16 out of 31 river reaches, mainly in the upper and lower river course. The study showed that relatively flat channel gradient, small maximum bed-material grain size, and high channel sinuosity favour beaver presence. The largest number of beaver habitats was identified in river reaches strongly altered by man and characterized by a uniform channel structure. Beaver impact on channel structure varies depending on differences of the river channel features in upper and lower reaches of the Raba River channel. In upper reaches, the impact of beaver activity (mostly dams) is reflected in increased lateral erosion, while slower water current reduces the tendency for bed degradation. In lower reaches, beaver impact is mostly limited to bank fragmentation (slides and burrows). Lateral erosion, accumulation of material at the toe of riverbanks, and wood debris accumulation all produce a local impact on river channel width. These beaver-initiated processes mostly alter artificially homogenized river reaches. Beavers may actually play a substantial role in future renaturalization of both upper and lower reaches of the Raba River.
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•Beavers were reintroduced in the Polish Carpathians in the second half of the 20th century.•The presence of beavers and their activity type became adjusted to the channel structure.•The largest number of traces of beaver impact was found along reaches altered by human activity.•Three models were created to show how beavers may aid in channel renaturalization.
Summary
Plant pathogens of the oomycete genus Phytophthora produce virulence factors, known as RxLR effector proteins that are transferred into host cells to suppress disease resistance. Here, we ...analyse the function of the highly conserved RxLR24 effector of Phytophthora brassicae. RxLR24 was expressed early in the interaction with Arabidopsis plants and ectopic expression in the host enhanced leaf colonization and zoosporangia formation. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) experiments followed by mass spectrometry identified different members of the RABA GTPase family as putative RxLR24 targets. Physical interaction of RxLR24 or its homologue from the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans with different RABA GTPases of Arabidopsis or potato, respectively, was confirmed by reciprocal Co‐IP. In line with the function of RABA GTPases in vesicular secretion, RxLR24 co‐localized with RABA1a to vesicles and the plasma membrane. The effect of RxLR24 on the secretory process was analysed with fusion constructs of secreted antimicrobial proteins with a pH‐sensitive GFP tag. PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PR‐1) and DEFENSIN (PDF1.2) were efficiently exported in control tissue, whereas in the presence of RxLR24 they both accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together our results imply a virulence function of RxLR24 effectors as inhibitors of RABA GTPase‐mediated vesicular secretion of antimicrobial PR‐1, PDF1.2 and possibly other defence‐related compounds.
Significance Statement
Pathogen virulence depends on effector proteins that are introduced into the host to counteract immunity responses and the molecular mechanism of effector functions is, therefore, an important step to better understand plant diseases. Here, we show that a highly conserved effector protein of the plant pathogen Phytophthora interferes with the function of host RABA GTPases to inhibit secretion of antimicrobial proteins to the apoplastic space.
Na slovenskem oddelku Generalnega direktorata za prevajanje Evropske komisije se s spolno občutljivim jezikom ukvarjamo od leta 2016, ko smo opazili vse pogostejšo rabo spolno nevtralnega jezika v ...angleških izvirnikih. Tak jezik štejemo za namerno izbran način pisanja in torej za pomembno prvino izvirnika. Vendar pa spolno nevtralnega jezika običajno ni mogoče neposredno prevesti v slovenščino, in če spolno nezaznamovane oblike prevajamo z generičnim moškim spolom, je jezik prevoda seksističen. Večinoma je treba spolno nezaznamovanost v prevodu izraziti neodvisno od izvirnika. Slovenski oddelek Generalnega direktorata za prevajanje Evropske komisije je smernice za spolno občutljivo rabo jezika razvil v sodelovanju s strokovnjaki in strokovnjakinjami iz slovenske javne uprave in akademske skupnosti. Nekatera sredstva spolno občutljivega jezika so relativno neproblematična, za mnoga vprašanja pa so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave in izkušnje.
V Sloveniji imamo z vidika izkoriščenosti potenciala dodane vrednosti sortimentov lesa listavcev izrazite rezerve. Slednje bi lahko izkoristili zlasti s povečanjem gospodarske rabe okroglega lesa ...znotraj Slovenije ter s krepitvijo tehnološko naprednejših načinov predelave okroglega lesa. Cilj te raziskave je z input-output modeliranjem oceniti neizkoriščene potenciale gozdno-lesne verige v Sloveniji, s poudarkom na rabi lesa listavcev. Za celotno gozdno-lesno verigo smo ovrednotili obstoječe stanje in predvideli pet scenarijev nadgradnje gozdno-lesne verige v slovenskem prostoru. Razvili smo nacionalni input-output model za ovrednotenje možnih scenarijev prihodnjega razvoja gozdno-lesnega biogospodarstva. Iz rezultatov scenarijske analize input-output modela je razvidno, da lahko slovensko gozdno-lesno biogospodarstvo preko prestrukturiranja gospodarskih aktivnosti v prihodnosti doseže do 20 % višjo vrednost proizvodnje sektorja, povečanje števila zaposlenih za 24 % ter povečanje dohodka gospodinjstev za 19 %. V prispevku razpravljamo, kako bi nadgradnjo gozdno-lesnega biogospodarstva (glede na opredeljene scenarije) lahko dosegli s povečanjem kapacitet predelave lesa listavcev in podajamo priporočila nosilcem odločanj.
The article provides an analysis of the activities of Slovene organisations and institutions in the Raba Region during the first wave of the Covid-19 epidemic. Initially, the author points to the ...vulnerability of the Slovene national community, which is closely related to historical circumstances. The study of articles published in electronic media and the analysis of the results of online surveys and semi-structured interviews with Slovene minority organisations and institutions in the Raba Region suggest that the Slovene national community adapted to the new normality and coped with the challenges brought by the epidemic relatively well. The closure of border crossings between the Raba Region and Goričko cut cross-border contacts, thus affecting the Slovene minority in all areas of life and stirring discomfort and criticism among the Slovenes from the Raba Region. Due to the unpredictable course of the Covid-19 epidemic, it is not yet possible to anticipate any longterm consequences thereof for the activity of Slovene organisations in the Raba Region.
Izhodišča: Glasovne motnje (GM) so pogoste in imajo lahko velik vpliv na kakovost življenja in delovno zmožnost. Čeprav veliko glasovnih motenj ne predstavlja nevarnosti za življenje, pa imajo velike ...družbene posledice. Najbolj problematične so glasovne motnje za učitelje, ki se soočajo z velikimi glasovnimi obremenitvami. V nekaterih državah so priznane kot poklicna bolezen. Glasovne motnje so lahko tudi veliko breme za celotno družbo. Z njimi so povezani veliki stroški in ekonomska izguba. Kažejo se potrebe po primarni preventivi v poklicih z višjo stopnjo tveganja za nastanek glasovnih motenj.
Pregled stanja v Sloveniji: Za ilustracijo obsega ekonomskega bremena glasovnih motenj smo ocenili neposredne stroške zdravljenja oseb, ki so v letu 2017 poiskale pomoč v terciarni ustanovi zaradi funkcionalnih GM in njihovih posledic. Stroški glasovnih motenj (SFM) so v letu 2017 znašali 273.249 €. Kar 63,7 % vseh stroškov glasovnih motenj so ustvarile ženske.
Več kot polovica stroškov, 51,6 %, so stroški specialistične zunajbolnišnične zdravstvene dejavnosti, 39,3 % so stroški bolnišnične zdravstvene dejavnosti, preostalih 9,1 % pa zajemajo stroške splošne zunajbolnišnične dejavnosti. Na Kliniki za otorinolaringologijo in cervikofacialno kirurgijo v Univerzitetnem kliničnem centru Ljubljana je bilo med 1. 1. 2017 in 31. 12. 2017 izvedenih 3.052 obravnav, od tega 12,1 % v splošni otorinolaringološki ambulanti, 51,7 % v foniatrični, 21,6 % v kliničnologopedski in 14,6 % v kliničnopsihološki ambulanti. Rezultati pomenijo le del ocene stroškov, ki so posledica zdravljenja glasovnih motenj. Za celovito oceno bremena bi bilo smiselno oceniti tudi stroške zdravil, posredne zdravstvene stroške ter stroške zaradi zmanjšane in izgubljene produktivnosti.
Zaključki: Glas igra pomembno vlogo pri zmožnosti opravljanja poklica. Glasovne motnje negativno vplivajo na delovno produktivnost in kakovost življenja. Vzrok funkcionalnih GM je napačna ali čezmerna raba glasu, zato bi jih torej lahko preprečili. Menimo, da bi s preventivnimi programi glasovne higiene in vokalne tehnike, predvsem pri osebah, ki so glasovno obremenjene na delovnem mestu, te stroške bistveno zmanjšali.
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