A long-term study providing rare insights into the precarious career and ordinary working culture of professional footballers. Away from the celebrity-obsessed media gaze, the work of a professional ...footballer is rarely glamorous and for most players a career in football is insecure and short-lived.
A former professional, Martin Roderick's familiarity with the world of football is the foundation for this privileged research into a world that is typically closed to the public gaze and ignored by media reportage and academic research which prefers to focus on a small, unrepresentative group of elite players. Key themes explored within the text include:
the culture of work in professional football
the changing identity, orientation and expectations of players during their careers
the fragile and uncertain nature of professional sport careers
the performance and dramatic aspects of a career under public scrutiny
the role of relationships with managers, owners, support staff and partners
players' responses to the insecurities inherent in professional football such as injury, ageing, performance and transfer.
The text deals with a wide range of issues of interest to sports students and academics, particularly those with a focus on the sociology of sport but also including sport development, sport management and coaching studies. The text will also be of interest to researchers in the fields of careers, industrial relations and the sociology of work.
Channel response to dam removal is still poorly understood, as there is a lack of monitoring data. A small dam in the gravel bed Krzczonówka Stream was lowered in 2014 as the first in the Polish ...Carpathians. The paper describes the direction and magnitude of channel changes after the check dam lowering against the backdrop of slow changes in the riverbed occurring over a period of several decades. Geomorphologic mapping and geodetic measurements started in 2013 and were repeated in 2014. Archived cartographic sources were used to identify channel morphology in the past. After the studied check dam had been partially lowered, a flood occurred and caused movement of sediment from the reservoir into the channel downstream. Debris filled pools and artificial riffles were created in 2013—the largest deposition occurred just below the dam. The channel width also increased in this area. The channel reach upstream from the dam was incised. Additional gravel supply is limited because of a sequence of drop structures just upstream of the studied reach. Long-term channel evolution after dam lowering depends on flood events and the availability of material for fluvial transport.
Fruit development entails a multitude of biochemical changes leading up to the mature green stage. During this period the cell wall will undergo complex compositional and structural changes. ...Inhibition of genes encoding elements of the machinery involved in trafficking to the cell wall presents us with a useful tool to study these changes and their associated phenotypes. An antisense SlRab11a transgene has previously been shown to reduce ripening-associated fruit softening. SlRab11a is highly expressed during fruit development which is associated with a period of pectin influx into the wall. We have analysed the cell wall polysaccharides at different stages of growth and ripening of wild type and antisense SlRab11a transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv, Ailsa Craig) fruit. Our results demonstrated intriguing changes in cell wall composition during the development and ripening of wild type Alisa Craig tomato fruit. Analysis of SlRab11a expression by TaqMan PCR showed it to be expressed most strongly during growth of the fruit, suggesting a possible role in cell wall deposition. The SlRab11a antisense fruit had a decreased proportion of pectin in the cell wall compared with the wild type. We suggest a new approach for modification of fruit shelf-life by changing cell wall deposition rather than cell wall hydrolytic enzymes.
► The pectin content of wild type tomato fruit went up during fruit development. ► Pectin esterification has been estimated at stages prior to breaker. ► SlRab11a was expressed most strongly during fruit expansion. ► SlRab11a antisense transformed fruit accumulate less pectin than wild type. ► We suggest a new approach to address fruit spoilage.
In recent years, scholars have understood the increasing use of the St George's Cross by football fans to be evidence of a rise in a specifically 'English' identity. This has emerged as part of a ...wider 'national' response to broader political processes such as devolution and European integration which have fragmented identities within the UK. Using the controversial figurational sociological approach advocated by the twentieth-century theorist Norbert Elias, this book challenges such a view, drawing on ethnographic research amongst fans to explore the precise nature of the relationship between contemporary English national identity and football fan culture. Examining football fans' expressions of Englishness in public houses and online spaces, the author discusses the effects of globalization, European integration and UK devolution on English society, revealing that the use of the St George's Cross does not signal the emergence of a specifically 'English' national consciousness, but in fact masks a more complex, multi-layered process of national identity construction. A detailed and grounded study of identity, nationalism and globalization amongst football fans, English National Identity and Football Fan Culture will appeal to scholars and students of politics, sociology and anthropology with interests in ethnography, the sociology of sport, fan cultures, globalization and contemporary national identities.
The fluvial landforms of the last cold stage are represented in the Sub-Carpathian Basins by a system of 2–3 terraces, which grade into alluvial fans of a height of 15–20, 8–12 and 6–8 m above the ...present riverbeds in the mountain foreland. In the Vistula River valley the 15–20 m high terrace, covered with loess, extends along the western margin of the Sandomierz Basin and northern margin of the Carpathians. Away from the mountain margin, it passes into the sandy terrace plain with dunes. It is formed of at least two Interpleniglacial alluvial fills: the older one dated at 48–36ka BP (over 50–40.6 ka cal BP) and the younger one dated 30–25ka BP (34.1–29.0ka cal BP) thus pertaining to the Upper Pleniglacial. This latter forms a terrace 15 m high. In general, accumulation of fluvial sediments interrupted with erosion phases dominated in the mountain foreland during the period 60–25ka BP (over 60–29 ka cal BP). The most significant erosion phase took place before the maximum extension of the Vistulian (Weichselian, Wisconsinian) ice sheet (i.e. before 25–20ka BP = 29–24ka cal BP) and was connected with a change from an oceanic to a more continental climate. The next alluvial fill of terrace 8–12 m high (with remnants of braided river channels) was formed at the end of the Upper Plenivistulian. The incision of the river channels below the present channel level was followed by aggradation in the Late Vistulian (15–13ka BP = 18.2–15.6ka cal BP) accompanied by a change in river channel system from braided to meandering. In the Wisłoka and San River valleys alluvial plains extending by lateral erosion of large meanders were abandoned by rivers mainly in the Younger Dryas and the Preboreal. The Late Vistulian large palaeomeanders are missing along lower Soła and lower Dunajec. These rivers, fed from higher mountains, had still tendency to braiding. The climate cooling of the Younger Dryas brought an increase in the delivery of bedload to the river channels and a tendency to braiding in Vistula valley (Drwinka depression). The expansion of forest in the Early Holocene reduced the water discharge and the size of meanders. As a result, their width fallen by 3–5 times. Alluvial data showed also a distinct humid climatic phase ca. 9.5–8.5ka cal BP.
•Initial clues from preliminary analysis of the observed system.•Discrimination between determinism and randomness made by three diverse techniques.•Distinction between non-chaotic and chaotic motion ...achieved by two independent tests.•Fractal analysis revealed dissipative, deterministic chaotic dynamics.•Nonlinearity and stationarity tests complemented the research.
Is the underlying dynamics of river flow random or deterministic? If it is deterministic, is it deterministic chaotic? This issue is still controversial. The application of several independent methods, techniques and tools for studying daily river flow data gives consistent, reliable and clear-cut results to the question. The outcomes point out that the investigated discharge dynamics is not random but deterministic. Moreover, the results completely confirm the nonlinear deterministic chaotic nature of the studied process. The research was conducted on daily discharge from two selected gauging stations of the mountain river in southern Poland, the Raba River.
Članek obravnava jezik Joannisa Kondilakisa, enega izmed novogrških avtorjev, ki so v svoj književni opus vključevali značilnosti domačega (tj. kretskega) narečja, in kontekst nastanka njegovega ...literarnega opusa. Da bi omenjeno tematiko osvetlili z različnih vidikov, so v prvem delu prikazane temeljne idejne in jezikovne usmeritve časa, v katerem je omenjeni avtor deloval, pa tudi podatki o njegovem življenju in delu. Sledi strnjen pregled novogrških narečij, članek pa se zaključi s prikazom najpomembnejših rezultatov analize rabe kretskega narečja v delih Joannisa Kondilakisa.
Sustainable development in karst areas should be adapted to its specificities and take into account its vulnerability. The assessment of the development potential and management of karst areas is of ...great importance in Slovenia. This book presents the analyses of the impact of landscape features on the land use and sustainable development in a marginal Slovenian karst landscape ‒ Bela krajina. In order to draw attention to the combination of social perspectives with natural conditions for an integrative view of the karst landscapes, three approaches were used: 1. assessment of the degree of human disturbance to the karst landscape, 2. analyses of land use dynamics, and 3. quantitative and qualitative analyses of the sustainable development of Bela krajina. Karst landscape features affect sustainable development of the study region both positively and negatively. According to local stakeholders the positive effects are mainly connected with tourism, and the negative effects are mainly connected with hampered agriculture. The main message is that karst landscape features should not only be seen as limiting factors, but also for their development potential.
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