From a Nobel Prize–winning pioneer in environmental economics, an innovative account of how and why "green thinking" could cure many of the world's most serious problems—from global warming to ...pandemics Solving the world's biggest problems—from climate catastrophe and pandemics to wildfires and corporate malfeasance—requires, more than anything else, coming up with new ways to manage the powerful interactions that surround us. For carbon emissions and other environmental damage, this means ensuring that those responsible pay their full costs rather than continuing to pass them along to others, including future generations. In The Spirit of Green, Nobel Prize–winning economist William Nordhaus describes a new way of green thinking that would help us overcome our biggest challenges without sacrificing economic prosperity, in large part by accounting for the spillover costs of economic collisions.In a discussion that ranges from the history of the environmental movement to the Green New Deal, Nordhaus explains how the spirit of green thinking provides a compelling and hopeful new perspective on modern life. At the heart of green thinking is a recognition that the globalized world is shaped not by isolated individuals but rather by innumerable interactions inside and outside the economy. He shows how rethinking economic efficiency, sustainability, politics, profits, taxes, individual ethics, corporate social responsibility, finance, and more would improve the effectiveness and equity of our society. And he offers specific solutions—on how to price carbon, how to pursue low-carbon technologies, how to design an efficient tax system, and how to foster international cooperation through climate clubs.The result is a groundbreaking new vision of how we can have our environment and our economy too.
Pricing the planet's future Gollier, Christian; Gollier, Christian
2012., 20121111, 2012, 2013-01-01, 20130101
eBook
Our path of economic development has generated a growing list of environmental problems including the disposal of nuclear waste, exhaustion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, climate change, ...and polluted land, air, and water. All these environmental problems raise the crucial challenge of determining what we should and should not do for future generations. It is also central to other policy debates, including, for example, the appropriate level of public debt, investment in public infrastructure, investment in education, and the level of funding for pension benefits and for research and development. Today, the judge, the citizen, the politician, and the entrepreneur are concerned with the sustainability of our development. The objective ofPricing the Planet's Futureis to provide a simple framework to organize the debate on what we should do for the future.
A key element of analysis by economists is the discount rate--the minimum rate of return required from an investment project to make it desirable to implement. Christian Gollier outlines the basic theory of the discount rate and the various arguments that favor using a smaller discount rate for more distant cash flows.
With principles that can be applied to many policy areas,Pricing the Planet's Futureoffers an ideal framework for dynamic problems and decision making.
Se determinó el perfil de sensibilización a aeroalérgenos más comunes en la población de Portoviejo, durante el periodo noviembre 2017 - noviembre 2018. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, ...descriptivo, de carácter retrospectivo y corte transversal, cuyos resultados se obtuvieron de la base de datos del Laboratorio Gamma de la ciudad de Portoviejo. La muestra poblacional estuvo conformada por 112 pacientes que se realizaron el test de RAST, RIDA qLine® Allergy de alérgenos inhalantes. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el 63,4 % presentó algún tipo de sensibilización. La mayoría de estos casos se produjeron durante el verano (96 %), en total fueron 19 aeroalérgenos que produjeron dicha sensibilización, siendo los de mayor frecuencia, Dermatophagoides pteranyssinus y Dermatophagoides farinae, seguido por polen, donde se destacaron el centeno, roble y mezclas de hierbas, con animales y hongos. Se demostró que en adultos y tercera edad existe una mayor frecuencia de sensibilización al polen de centeno comparados con los ácaros domésticos, mientras que en rango de edad infantil a adulto joven se encontró un predominio de sensibilización a ácaros de la familia Dermatophagoides.
Palabras clave: sensibilización; aeroalérgenos; RAST; alergia; mastocitos.
The ability to build accurate protein families is a fundamental operation in bioinformatics that influences comparative analyses, genome annotation, and metabolic modeling. For several years we have ...been maintaining protein families for all microbial genomes in the PATRIC database (Pathosystems Resource Integration Center, patricbrc.org) in order to drive many of the comparative analysis tools that are available through the PATRIC website. However, due to the burgeoning number of genomes, traditional approaches for generating protein families are becoming prohibitive. In this report, we describe a new approach for generating protein families, which we call PATtyFams. This method uses the k-mer-based function assignments available through RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) to rapidly guide family formation, and then differentiates the function-based groups into families using a Markov Cluster algorithm (MCL). This new approach for generating protein families is rapid, scalable and has properties that are consistent with alignment-based methods.
Abstract
Metagenomics combined with 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses was applied to unveil the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of the farmed adult turbot gastrointestinal (GI) ...microbiome. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes which existed in both GI content and mucus were dominated in the turbot GI microbiome. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses also indicated that the turbot GI tract may harbor some bacteria which originated from associated seawater. Functional analyses indicated that the clustering-based subsystem and many metabolic subsystems were dominant in the turbot GI metagenome. Compared with other gut metagenomes, quorum sensing and biofilm formation was overabundant in the turbot GI metagenome. Genes associated with quorum sensing and biofilm formation were found in species within Vibrio, including Vibrio vulnificus,Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In farmed fish gut metagenomes, the stress response and protein folding subsystems were over-represented and several genes concerning antibiotic and heavy metal resistance were also detected. These data suggested that the turbot GI microbiome may be affected by human factors in aquaculture. Additionally, iron acquisition and the metabolism subsystem were more abundant in the turbot GI metagenome when compared with freshwater fish gut metagenome, suggesting that unique metabolic potential may be observed in marine animal GI microbiomes.
Salinitet i alkalitet pripadaju abiotičkim stresnim čimbenicima koji ograničavaju opskrbu biljke vodom te uzrokuju ionski stres čime narušavaju ionsku ravnotežu stanice. Oba stresna čimbenika ...negativno utječu na sve razvojne faze, no faza klijanja je najosjetljivija jer klica dolazi u direktni kontakt s vodenom otopinom soli u tlu. Industrijska konoplja (Cannabis sativa L.) dobro podnosi salinitet uzrokovan povišenom koncentracijom NaCl ali je relativno malo dostupnih podataka koji se bave tolerancijom konoplje na različite vrste solnoga stresa. Sjeme kultivara konoplje (Santhica 70 i Futura 83) bilo je izloženo djelovanju saliniteta izazvanog otopinama NaCl i Na2SO4 te alkaliteta izazvanog otopinama NaHCO3 i Na2CO3 tijekom četiri dana. Obje vrste solnog stresa inhibirale su klijanje i rast korijena u oba genotipa u odnosu na kontrolu. Stres izazvan otopinom Na2SO4 nakon 2. dana uzgoja uzrokovao je redukciju klijavosti za 97,6% (Santhica 70) i 90,6% (Futura 83) te pokazao najniže vrijednosti germinacijskog indeksa tolerantnosti na sol (STI_G2) u oba kultivara, dok je otopina Na2CO3 nakon 4. dana uzrokovala najveću redukciju rasta korijena za 94% (Futura 83) , odnosno 95% (Santhica 70). Stres izazvan otopinom NaCl imao je najmanje štetne posljedice na klijavost i rast korijena iz čega slijedi da odgovor na solni stres ovisi o vrsti biljnog tkiva. Nakon 4. dana klijavost Future 83 bila je 7,6% (NaCl) i 13,8% (NaHCO3) veća od klijavosti Santhice 70. Nadalje, Futura 83 na otopini NaCl imala je veće vrijednosti STI_G2 i STI_G4 te 15% dulji korijen nego Santhica 70, iz čega proizlazi da tolerantnost saliniteta i alkaliteta ovisi o genotipskim obilježjima.
Salinity and alkalinity are important abiotic stress factors that restrict the plant’s availability of water, cause ionic stress, and contribute to the disruption of cellular homeostasis. Both stress factors negatively impact all stages of plant development, with an emphasis on germination, which is the most sensitive due to direct contact of the embryo with saline solution in the soil. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has a high tolerance to NaCl stress but knowledge of the effects of different salt types is limited. Seeds of two hemp genotypes (Santhica 70 i Futura 83) were exposed to salinity (NaCl i Na2SO4) and alkalinity (NaHCO3 i Na2CO3) stress for 4 days. The germination percentage and root growth under all treatments were reduced in both genotypes compared to the control. After 2nd day of growth, Na2SO4 had the strongest inhibitory effect on germination and germination salt tolerance index (STI_G2) in both genotypes while the most detrimental effect on root growth was observed under 4-day exposure to Na2CO3 treatment. The least negative effect of salt stress on germination and root growth was observed under NaCl treatment, suggesting that the salt response is tissue-dependent. Futura 83 showed a higher germination percentage, higher values of STI_G2 and STI_G4, and longer roots than Santhica 70 in both NaCl and NaHCO3 treatments. Our results suggest that tolerance to salinity and alkalinity depends on genotype properties.
Se estudiaron 30 pacientes con reacciones alérgicas a J3 - Lactámicos claramente demostrados por las manifestaciones clínicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la importancia del núcleo (3 ...-Lactúmico y las cadenas laterales en la inducción de IgE específica para BPO, Ax y Anip por medio de las pruebas cutáneas y el RA ST para estos determinantes. Este grupo se dividió previamente por historia clínica en: 1 - Acelerados (n: 19); 2 - Inmediatos (n:11). Las pruebas del Prick se realizaron con BPO-PL, Ax-PL, Amp-PL, MDM de BR MDM de Ax y MDM de Amp. Presentando en el grupo acelerado: 2 (-1-) a 13P0,4(+) Ax/Amp, 13(+) a todos los reactivos (BPO- Ax - Amp - MDM BP/Ax/Amp). Los pacientes con reacción inmediata: ¡Ocasos (+) a MDM -BPy l(-1-) MDM -Amp. Estos pacientes fueron estudiados con la técnica del RAST para BPO - PL, Ax-PL, Amp PL y PL. Se consideró como línea de corte positiva al nivel ~ a 1524 cpm, tomado tic la curva estandar de Pharniacia Los pacientes con reacción acelerada presentaron en 13/19 casos RAST (+) a BPO- PL, 1/19 (+) BPO- Ax/PL, 3 /19(4) Ax-PL. 1/19 (4-) Am/PL y 1 negativo para todos los reactivos estudiados. Los pacientes con reación inmediata (n: II) en todos los casos lueron negativos para todos los reactivos estudiados. El grupo control (1):20) presentó en 1/20 casos positividad por Prick a Ax- PL y 19 casos negatividad total a todos los reactivos. Los RAST a todos los reactivos fueron negativos en todos los individuos estudiados. Estos resultados indican que la bencilpenicilina (BPO) es el más importante determinante y las cadenas laterales (Ax y Amp) son otros determinantes antigéntcos en -los (3-Lactúmicos, siendo cada uno tIc ellos inductores de un tipo de IgL específica y que raramente aparece una respuesta ¡gE a dos determinantes diferentes en un mismo sujeto. Las pruebas cutáneas son el método de elección para el estudio de alergia a penicilina ya que con el método in vitro se cubre un espectro menor (le reactivos que los que producen reacción acelerada (MDM).
The acreage planted in corn and soybean crops is vast, and these crops contribute substantially to the world economy. The agricultural practices employed for farming these crops have major effects on ...ecosystem health at a worldwide scale. The microbial communities living in agricultural soils significantly contribute to nutrient uptake and cycling and can have both positive and negative impacts on the crops growing with them. In this study, we examined the impact of the crop planted and soil tillage on nutrient levels, microbial communities, and the biochemical pathways present in the soil. We found that farming practice, that is conventional tillage versus no‐till, had a much greater impact on nearly everything measured compared to the crop planted. No‐till fields tended to have higher nutrient levels and distinct microbial communities. Moreover, no‐till fields had more DNA sequences associated with key nitrogen cycle processes, suggesting that the microbial communities were more active in cycling nitrogen. Our results indicate that tilling of agricultural soil may magnify the degree of nutrient waste and runoff by altering nutrient cycles through changes to microbial communities. Currently, a minority of acreage is maintained without tillage despite clear benefits to soil nutrient levels, and a decrease in nutrient runoff—both of which have ecosystem‐level effects and both direct and indirect effects on humans and other organisms.
Microbial communities are essential for nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Disturbance, such as tilling, alters the composition of microbial communities in corn and soy agroecosystems. The changes in these communities affect their composition and function, thus changing the ecosystem services they perform, such as cycling nitrogen.
V zadnjih letih narašča prevalenca načinov prehranjevanja, pri katerih oseba iz svoje prehrane izključuje določena hranila; najpogosteje gre za oblike vegetarijanstva in veganstva, ki v različni meri ...omejujejo uživanje mesa, jajc in mlečnih izdelkov. Izključujoči načini prehranjevanja ob neupoštevanju navodil o potrebnih prehranskih dopolnilih lahko privedejo do zaostajanja v rasti in razvoju in do nepopravljivih telesnih okvar, zato zdravstvena stroka v Sloveniji takšne načine prehranjevanja odsvetuje zlasti pri nosečnicah, novorojenčkih in dojenčkih. Nekatere pogosto citirane raziskave in smernice navajajo, da so alternativni načini prehranjevanja ustrezni v vseh obdobjih življenjskega cikla, kar je verjetno prispevalo k popularizaciji tovrstnih načinov prehranjevanja tudi pri nas. Presečne raziskave pri vegetarijancih ugotavljajo nižjo incidenco ishemične bolezni srca in rakavih bolezni ter ugodnejšo sestavo črevesnega mikrobioma, vendar so našteti učinki lahko posledica zdravega življenjskega sloga in nižje telesne mase pri vegetarijancih in veganih, ne pa neposredno izključevanja mesa iz prehrane. Po drugi strani lahko vsi omejevalni načini prehranjevanja privedejo do pomanjkanja hranil, zlasti vitamina B12, železa, kalcija, pa tudi beljakovin, maščobnih kislin ω-3, cinka in vitamina D. Pomanjkanje makro- in mikrohranil je nevarno predvsem v zgodnjih obdobjih življenjskega cikla, saj lahko povzroči hud zaostanek v rasti in razvoju, v najhujših primerih pa celo smrt. Zdravstveni zapleti pri odraslih vključujejo osteopenijo in osteoporozo, anemijo, kognitivni upad in »paradoksno« povečanje tveganja za srčno-žilne bolezni. Tveganje za neustrezno prehranjenost ob vegetarijanski ali veganski prehrani je večje pri športnikih, starostnikih in kroničnih bolnikih. Pravilno vodena vegetarijanska in veganska prehrana je ob strokovno načtovani in nadzorovani prehranski strategiji lahko ustrezna za zdrave odrasle ljudi. V skladu z znanimi podatki o hranilih, potrebnih za normalno rast in razvoj, in zaradi hudih posledic ob morebitnem pomanjkanju teh hranil slovenska pediatrična stroka odsvetuje izključujoče načine prehranjevanja pri nosečnicah, doječih materah, novorojenčkih, dojenčkih, otrocih in mladostnikih. Ob vegetarijanskem ali veganskem načinu prehranjevanja v teh obdobjih je priporočljivo spremljanje kliničnega dietetika, izbranega pediatra ali osebnega zdravnika.
The study aimed to investigate the anaerobic performance with laboratory and field tests in youth athletes in different sports. One-hundred four athletes between the ages of 10 and 16, minimum age of ...training of one year in different sports voluntarily participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements of participants were measured. Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) using Monark cycle ergometer (Monark-Crescent AB, Sweden), Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), and pediatric RAST using photocell advice (Newtest 2000) were performed to determine anaerobic performance. Peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) were determined for each test. Absolute and relative power outputs, FI, and total exercise time (TED) values of WAnT, RAST, and PRAST were significantly different (p<0.01). The absolute peak, average and minimum power of PRAST were significantly higher than WAnT and RAST. According to test-retest results of WAnT, RAST, and PRAST, ICC 95% CI values have a high-reliability coefficient for all variables. It was found there is a positive correlation statistically between WAnT and RAST for all variables (p<0.01). Besides, there were also positive correlations statistically between WAnT-PRAST and RAST-PRAST excluding fatigue index (p<0.01). As a result of this study, it was determined WAnT, RAST, and PRAST have high reliability and are appropriate for child and adolescent athletes in that age group to evaluate anaerobic performance. Although tests have different motion properties, it was determined they have similar results when performed. High correlations between tests and variables support this determination.
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