Most adults ingest alcoholic beverages. Alcohol shows strong and positive associations with blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that intake of red wine, white wine, beer, and spirits and dessert ...wine show similar associations with BP in the general population.
We included 104,467 males and females aged 20-100 years in the analysis of the Danish general population. Alcohol use and type of alcohol were assessed by questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured by automated digital BP manometer. Multivariable linear regression models were used when analyzing the association between number of drinks per week and BP, stratified by sex and adjusted for relevant confounders. Each alcohol type (red wine, white wine, beer, and spirits and dessert wine) was analyzed in similar models including adjustment for other alcohol types.
Most of the subjects (76,943 73.7%) drank more than 1 type of alcohol. However, 12,093 (12.6%) consumed red wine only, 4288 (4.5%) beer only, 1815 (1.9%) white wine only, and 926 (1.0%) spirits and dessert wine only. There was a dose-response association between total drinks per week and systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP) (P < .001). The crude difference was 11 mmHg SBP and 7 mmHg DBP between high (>35 drinks per week) and low (1-2 drinks per week) alcohol intake. Overall, SBP was increased by 0.15-0.17 mmHG, and DBP was increased by 0.08-0.15 mmHg per weekly drink. After stratification for age and sex, effects were slightly higher among females and among individuals aged less than 60 years.
Alcohol intake is associated with highly significant increased SPB and DBP. The effect is similar for red wine, white wine, beer, and spirits.
There is a growing body of evidence implicating the gut ‘microbiome’ role in overall human health. Bacterial species belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are generally considered ...to be beneficial and are commonly used in probiotic applications, whereas increases in some genera including Clostridum, Eubacterium and Bacteroides are implicated in negative health outcomes. Dietary polyphenols are bioactive compounds that have been found to increase the numbers of beneficial bacteria and antimicrobial actions against pathogenic bacteria, however most studies have been conducted in animal models or in-vitro colonic models. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of recent trials on the effect of dietary grape and red wine polyphenols on the gut microbiota in humans. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted of electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Wed of Science and Scopus) to identify human intervention trials examining the effect of grape or wine polyphenols on gut microbiota. Seven trials met the inclusion criteria. One study looked at changes in gut microbiota following the ingestion of de-alcoholised red wine or red wine, and six studies referred to gut microbiota as intermediates in formation of phenolic metabolites. All studies confirmed that ingested polyphenols from grape and red wine, were modulated by gut microbiota, increasing numbers of polyphenolic metabolites which were found in blood, urine, ileal fluid and faeces. Intake of polyphenols derived from grape and red wine can modulate gut microbiota and contribute to beneficial microbial ecology that can enhance human health benefits. Additionally, grape and red wine polyphenols were modulated by the gut microbiota and there is a potential for a two-way relationship between the gut microbiota and polyphenolic compounds. Nevertheless, additional research is required to fully understand the complex relationship between gut microbiota and dietary polyphenols before any health claims can be made in relation to human health.
•The first systematic review on effect of polyphenols on human gut microbiota.•All ingested polyphenols from grape and red wine were modulated by gut microbiota.•Grape and red wine polyphenols can modulate gut microbiota.•Strong potential for two-way relationship between gut microbiota and polyphenols.
In recent years, red wine drinking has become more popular in China owing to its antioxidant effects. However, the key antioxidant compounds and their action mechanisms of Chinese red wines are still ...unclear. Herein, the antioxidant activities and chemical compositions of 45 Chinese Cabernet Sauvignon red wine samples were determined using chemical antioxidant assays and an UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics method. The key antioxidant compounds in red wines and potential action mechanisms were revealed by integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. Results showed that there are 8 key antioxidant compounds in the red wine samples. These compounds are involved in several metabolic pathways in the body, particularly PI3K/AKT. What's more, they bind to the core antioxidant targets through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Among them, myricetin, laricitrin, 2,3,8-tri-O-methylellagic acid and AKT1 have the highest binding energies. This study could provide the theoretical basis for further investigation of physiological activities and functions of Chinese red wines.
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•Chinese Cabernet Sauvignon red wines showed to have strong antioxidant activities.•8 key antioxidant compounds in Chinese red wines were identified by untargeted metabolomics.•5 core antioxidant targets of active compounds were screened by network pharmacology.•PI3K/AKT was one of the most represented metabolic pathways of antioxidant compounds.•Myricetin, laricitrin, 2,3,8-tri-O-methylellagic acid and AKT1 have the highest binding energies.
Though non-anthocyanin phenolics normally do not have red color, they affect the red color expression in the copigmentation of red wines. In this study, the influence of prefermentative addition of ...300mg/L gallic acid and ellagic acid, as cofactors, on aging dry red wines had been systematically evaluated at the industrial scales from the perspectives of color, phenolic profiles and copigmentation effects of anthocyanins. Red wines made with these two compounds exhibited better color properties than the control, having better CIELAB chromatic parameters. Additionally, significantly higher levels of detectable anthocyanins and copigmented anthocyanin ratio had been observed. Wines with ellagic acid showed better chromatic properties and phenolic profiles than wines with gallic acid, as shown in previous theoretical results. Anti-copigmentation phenomenon was noticed and elucidated. These practical results confirmed that ellagic acid was the better cofactor, and would give more additional guidance for the production of high quality wine.
Malvidin-3-O-glucoside (PubChem CID: 443,652); Petunidin-3-O-glucoside (PubChem CID: 443,651); Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (PubChem CID: 443,650); Peonidin-3-O-glucoside (PubChem CID: 443,654); Ellagic acid (PubChem CID: 5,281,855); Gallic acid (PubChem CID: 370); Quercetin (PubChem CID: 443,654); Caffeic acid (PubChem CID: 689,043); (+)-catechin (PubChem CID: 9064); Vanillic acid (PubChem CID: 8468).
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•Addition of ellagic acid and gallic acid showed good copigmentation effects for wine.•Addition of ellagic acid and gallic acid improved wine colorimetric properties.•Ellagic acid was a better copigment than gallic acid.•Practical results of copigmentation were in accordance with theoretical results.•Anti-copigmentation was caused by the interferences of weak cofactors.
Under climate change, the fruity aroma of Bordeaux red wines is changing, tending toward undesirable aromas like dried and cooked fruits. To adapt to these changes in aroma, a strategy could be to ...introduce to Bordeaux vineyards late-ripening grape varieties more suited to drier, sunnier and warmer conditions. A comparative analysis involved traditional Bordeaux red wines (Merlot, Cabernet-Sauvignon, and Cabernet franc) and those from late-ripening grape varieties originating from high-temperature climates (Yiannoudin, Syrah, Agiorgitiko, Xinomavro, Touriga Nacional, Grenache, and Tempranillo). Using a semi-preparative HPLC method, aroma extracts from these ten red wines were fractioned, isolating fruity notes for HPLC–Fruity Aromatic Reconstitutions (FAR). Through a free sorting task, three clusters emerged. Targeted GC-MS analysis highlighted nine compounds characterizing sensory clusters, including ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate, linalool, α-terpineol, α- and β-ionones, hexanol and (Z)-3-hexenol. Through the realization of sensory profiles, it has been demonstrated that by incorporating these compounds into a fruity model solution, fresh red- and black-berry fruit notes are intensified.
•The fruity fractions of 10 red wines were discriminated into 3 distinct sensory clusters.•Linalool, α-terpineol, 2 ionones, hexanol, and (Z)-3-hexenol discriminated the clusters.•Addition of non-ester compounds to a fruity solution modulates the fruit notes.
Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. ...State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.
This work aimed to characterize chemical composition of Malbec and Cabernet Franc red wines from two different regions of La Pampa’s province, which stands out as one of the youngest wine-producing ...regions in Argentina and has remained unexplored until now. These wines were produced from grapes of two consecutive vintages (2021 and 2022), and were harvested at two different ripeness levels. Global phenolic parameters, colour characterization and multi-elemental profile were evaluated. Multivariate statistical approaches were successfully implemented to investigate the vintage and ripeness effects on chemical profile of red wines and characterize them based on regional variations. Our results showed that vintage and ripeness affected both phenolic and multi-elemental profiles, and such chemical variables allowed the wines differentiation according to region. The results of this first study could form the basis for future research into optimizing the region’s winemaking potential.
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•Red wines from different wine-producing regions from La Pampa’s province were studied.•The wine chemical profile over two vintages and two ripeness levels was evaluated.•The vintage significantly influenced the phenolic and mineral composition of red wine.•Overripening enhanced wine polymeric pigment and color but raised ethanol.•Phenolic and mineral profiles revealed significant differences between regions.
A methodology for the determination of volatile compounds in red wine using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-ion trap/ mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) and ...flame ionization detector (GC -FID) was developed, validated and applied to a sample of Brazilian red wine. The optimization strategy was conducted using the Plackett-Burman design for variable selection and central composite rotational design (CCRD). The response surface methodology showed that the performance of the extraction of the volatile compounds using divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber is improved with no sample dilution, the addition of 30% NaCl, applying an extraction temperature of 56°C and extraction time of 55min. The qualitative method allowed the extraction and identification of 60 volatile compounds in the sample studied, notably the classes of esters, alcohols, and fatty acids. Furthermore, the method was successfully validated for the quantification of 55 volatile compounds of importance in wines and applied to twelve samples of Merlot red wine from South of Brazil. The calculation of the odor activity value (OAV) showed the most important components of the samples aroma. Ethyl isovalerate, ethyl hexanoate, 1-hexanol, octanoic acid and ethyl cinnamate had the greatest contribution to the aroma of the wines analyzed, which is predominantly fruity with the presence of herbal and fatty odors.
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•HS-SPME optimization by Plackett-Burman and central composite rotational designs.•Development of an HS-SPME-GC-IT/MS and GC-FID method to determine volatile compounds.•The methodology was validated for the quantification of 55 volatile compounds in wine.•The method showed to be suitable for the analysis of main aroma compounds in wine.
•MS-based untargeted metabolomics was firstly proposed to identify origins of Chinese wines.•There was strong correlation between geographical origins and metabolic profiles of wines.•The ...differential metabolites were screened as markers by OPLS-DA with pairwise modeling.•Tentative identification of differential metabolites was conducted based on MS and MS2 data.•Reliable OPLS-DA models based on markers were constructed for predicting origins of wines.
Identifying geographical origins of red wines made in specific regions is of significance since the false claim of geographical origins has been frequently exposed in China's wine industry. In this work, an untargeted metabolomic approach based on UPLC-QTOF-MS was established to discriminate geographical origins of Chinese red wines. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant differences between wine samples from three famous geographical origins in China. The metabolites contributing to the differentiation were screened by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with pairwise modeling. 40 and 46 differential metabolites in positive and negative ionization modes were putatively identified as chemical markers. Furthermore, heatmap visualization and OPLS-DA models were constructed based on these identified markers and external verification wine samples from different regions were successfully discriminated, with recognition rate up to 96.7%. This study indicated that UPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics has great potential for the geographical origin traceability of Chinese red wines.
An in vitro batch culture fermentation experiment was conducted with fecal inocula from three healthy volunteers in the presence and absence of a red wine extract. Changes in main bacterial groups ...were determined by FISH during a 48 h fermentation period. The catabolism of main flavonoids (i.e., flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins) and the formation of a wide a range of phenolic microbial metabolites were determined by a targeted UPLC-PAD-ESI-TQ MS method. Statistical analysis revealed that catechol/pyrocatechol, as well as 4-hydroxy-5-(phenyl)-valeric, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, phenylacetic, phenylpropionic, and benzoic acids, showed the greatest increases in concentration during fermentation, whereas 5-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone, its open form 4-hydroxy-5-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid represented the largest interindividual variations in the catabolism of red wine polyphenols. Despite these changes, microbial catabolism did not produce significant changes in the main bacterial groups detected, although a slight inhibition of the Clostridium histolyticum group was observed.
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