Phylogeographic studies have gained prominence in linking past geological events to the distribution patterns of biodiversity, primarily in mountainous regions. However, such studies often focus on ...plant taxa, neglecting the intricate biogeographical patterns of microbes, particularly soil microbial communities. This article explores the spatial distribution of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, a widespread microorganism, in a tectonically active region at the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. By analysing the genetic variation of this fungus alongside the historical structure of major river watersheds, we sought to uncover potential connections between the two. Our study involved sampling 149 strains from 116 sites across six major watersheds in the region.BACKGROUNDPhylogeographic studies have gained prominence in linking past geological events to the distribution patterns of biodiversity, primarily in mountainous regions. However, such studies often focus on plant taxa, neglecting the intricate biogeographical patterns of microbes, particularly soil microbial communities. This article explores the spatial distribution of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, a widespread microorganism, in a tectonically active region at the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. By analysing the genetic variation of this fungus alongside the historical structure of major river watersheds, we sought to uncover potential connections between the two. Our study involved sampling 149 strains from 116 sites across six major watersheds in the region.The resulting haplotype network revealed five distinct clusters, each corresponding closely to a specific watershed. These clusters exhibited high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, supporting the notion of watershed-based segregation. Further analysis of haplotypes shared across watersheds provided evidence for three proposed past river connections. In particular, we found numerous shared haplotypes between the Yangtze and Mekong basins, as well as between the Yangtze and the Red basins. Evidence for a Irrawaddy-Salween-Red and a Yangtze-Pearl-Red river connections were also portrayed in our mapping exercise.RESULTSThe resulting haplotype network revealed five distinct clusters, each corresponding closely to a specific watershed. These clusters exhibited high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, supporting the notion of watershed-based segregation. Further analysis of haplotypes shared across watersheds provided evidence for three proposed past river connections. In particular, we found numerous shared haplotypes between the Yangtze and Mekong basins, as well as between the Yangtze and the Red basins. Evidence for a Irrawaddy-Salween-Red and a Yangtze-Pearl-Red river connections were also portrayed in our mapping exercise.These findings emphasize the crucial role of historical geomorphological events in shaping the biogeography of microbial biodiversity, alongside contemporary biotic and abiotic factors. Watershed perimeters emerged as effective predictors of such patterns, suggesting their suitability as analytical units for regional-scale studies. Our study also demonstrates the potential of microorganisms and phylogeographic approaches to complement traditional geological analyses, providing a more comprehensive understanding of past landscape structure and its evolution.CONCLUSIONSThese findings emphasize the crucial role of historical geomorphological events in shaping the biogeography of microbial biodiversity, alongside contemporary biotic and abiotic factors. Watershed perimeters emerged as effective predictors of such patterns, suggesting their suitability as analytical units for regional-scale studies. Our study also demonstrates the potential of microorganisms and phylogeographic approaches to complement traditional geological analyses, providing a more comprehensive understanding of past landscape structure and its evolution.
Why do states delegate certain tasks and responsibilities to international organizations rather than acting unilaterally or cooperating directly? Furthermore, to what extent do states continue to ...control IOs once authority has been delegated? Examining a variety of different institutions including the World Trade Organization, the United Nations and the European Commission, this book explores the different methods that states employ to ensure their interests are being served, and identifies the problems involved with monitoring and managing IOs. The contributors suggest that it is not inherently more difficult to design effective delegation mechanisms at international level than at domestic level and, drawing on principal-agent theory, help explain the variations that exist in the extent to which states are willing to delegate to IOs. They argue that IOs are neither all evil nor all virtuous, but are better understood as bureaucracies that can be controlled to varying degrees by their political masters.
Despite many regulatory changes there are still no sound reorganisation possibilities for financially distressed companies in Hungary. The current crisis of 2020 due to the pandemic is going to ...trigger mass liquidations especially there where the bankruptcy rules are ineffective. There is no efficient risk and resource allocation if there is no reasoning and the financial and economic criteria necessary for a proper bankruptcy management are not taken into consideration in the reorganisation procedure. This article is based on primary research conducted in 2014 and a further analysis of the problem published in the Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics in 2020 (Pálinkó and Pétervári, 2020). The conclusion is that the financial variables are seemingly irrelevant in decision-making. The bankruptcy procedure has become a useful tactic for the owner-management to keep their position and protected status for as long as possible even at the expense of the divergent creditors. There is a genuine need for a different model in Hungary, one in which financially rational decisions are not dysfunctional. We have found that time is the most important factor here. It is therefore suggested that the rules should be designed so that the companies be motivated to file for bankruptcy in time. This design is the automated mandatory auction bankruptcy procedure or its pre-pack version.
In acute stroke, the major factor for recovery is the early use of thrombolysis aimed at arterial recanalization and reperfusion of ischemic brain tissue. Subsequently, neurorehabilitative training ...critically improves clinical recovery due to augmention of postlesional plasticity. Neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies have revealed that the location and volume of the stroke lesion, the affection of nerve fiber tracts, as well as functional and structural changes in the perilesional tissue and in large-scale bihemispheric networks are relevant biomarkers of post-stroke recovery. However, associated disorders, such as mood disorders, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases, may induce secondary cerebral changes or aggravate the functional deficits and, thereby, compromise the potential for recovery.
The recognition and counting of apple pests sampled by different sex attractants are very important and significant for pest control. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are common artificial ...intelligence algorithms widely used in image recognition and counting. However, because the sizes of different species of pests are different and the densities of pests on the sticky board are sometimes considerable, it is difficult to recognise and count them accurately and efficiently. This study proposes an improved recognition and counting approach based on deep learning with data reorganisation, termed ‘MPest-RCNN’. The contributions herein are twofold: (1) A new structure of Faster R-CNN is proposed by using ResNet101 feature extractor which has higher precision of recognition. (2) We propose a new convolutional network structure with small anchors to extract features such that the recognition accuracy is improved for small pests. We took three typical pests in apple orchards to establish an original data set using sex attractants. The proposed MPest-RCNN model solves the recognition problem of multiple types and sizes of pests by using different sex attractants. Finally, experiments are conducted, and a comparative analysis is provided for the proposed approach. The experimental results demonstrate that the precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-Score of the proposed approach reach 99.11%, 99.88%, 99.42%, and 99.50% respectively. In contrast with Faster R-CNN, the precision, sensitivity, and F1-Score increase by 0.31%, 7.77%, and 4.25% respectively. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the mean average precision (mAP) of the proposed approach is higher than that of the currently used pest recognition approaches. In addition to reducing the complexity of creating multiple recognition models for different kinds of pests, the proposed model shows promise as an effective means for recognising and monitoring of other targets with similar characteristics, thereby providing theoretical support for ecological informatics in the future.
•A new structure of Faster R-CNN is proposed by using ResNet101 feature extractor which has higher precision of recognition.•We propose a new convolutional network structure with small anchors to extract features such that the recognition accuracy is improved for small pests.
This study empirically investigates the effect of import competition on within‐firm employment reorganisation using a Japanese firm‐level dataset covering the period of 1997–2014. Moreover, this ...study examines whether the import competition against low‐income countries leads to a shift from a manufacturing activity to non‐manufacturing activity, such as headquarters’ services, wholesale, retail or R&D. Furthermore, this study explored the heterogeneity of the impacts of import competition according to firm size. Findings reveal that competition from Chinese imports induces manufacturing firms to increase the share of service workers, particularly workers that engage in wholesale, retail and other service activities.
The reorganisation of memory during sleep Landmann, Nina; Kuhn, Marion; Piosczyk, Hannah ...
Sleep medicine reviews,
12/2014, Letnik:
18, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Summary Sleep after learning promotes the quantitative strengthening of new memories. Less is known about the impact of sleep on the qualitative reorganisation of memory, which is the focus of this ...review. Studies have shown that, in the declarative system, sleep facilitates the abstraction of rules (schema formation), the integration of knowledge into existing schemas (schema integration) and creativity that requires the disbandment of existing patterns (schema disintegration). Schema formation and integration might primarily benefit from slow wave sleep, whereas the disintegration of a schema might be facilitated by rapid eye movement sleep. In the procedural system, sleep fosters the reorganisation of motor memory. The neural mechanisms of these processes remain to be determined. Notably, emotions have been shown to modulate the sleep-related reorganisation of memories. In the final section of this review, we propose that the sleep-related reorganisation of memories might be particularly relevant for mental disorders. Thus, sleep disruptions might contribute to disturbed memory reorganisation and to the development of mental disorders. Therefore, sleep-related interventions might modulate the reorganisation of memories and provide new inroads into treatment.
We report the findings of a multi-language and multi-lab investigation of young infants' ability to discriminate lexical tones as a function of their native language, age and language experience, as ...well as of tone properties. Given the high prevalence of lexical tones across human languages, understanding lexical tone acquisition is fundamental for comprehensive theories of language learning. While there are some similarities between the developmental course of lexical tone perception and that of vowels and consonants, findings for lexical tones tend to vary greatly across different laboratories. To reconcile these differences and to assess the developmental trajectory of native and non-native perception of tone contrasts, this study employed a single experimental paradigm with the same two pairs of Cantonese tone contrasts (perceptually similar vs. distinct) across 13 laboratories in Asia-Pacific, Europe and North-America testing 5-, 10- and 17-month-old monolingual (tone, pitch-accent, non-tone) and bilingual (tone/non-tone, non-tone/non-tone) infants. Across the age range and language backgrounds, infants who were not exposed to Cantonese showed robust discrimination of the two non-native lexical tone contrasts. Contrary to this overall finding, the statistical model assessing native discrimination by Cantonese-learning infants failed to yield significant effects. These findings indicate that lexical tone sensitivity is maintained from 5 to 17 months in infants acquiring tone and non-tone languages, challenging the generalisability of the existing theoretical accounts of perceptual narrowing in the first months of life. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This is a multi-language and multi-lab investigation of young infants' ability to discriminate lexical tones. This study included data from 13 laboratories testing 5-, 10-, and 17-month-old monolingual (tone, pitch-accent, non-tone) and bilingual (tone/non-tone, non-tone/non-tone) infants. Overall, infants discriminated a perceptually similar and a distinct non-native tone contrast, although there was no evidence of a native tone-language advantage in discrimination. These results demonstrate maintenance of tone discrimination throughout development.
This paper proposes a distance-based characterization of age-related structural inertia as an increasing constraint on the speed of change as organizations age. Our framework regards organizations as ...points in multidimensional metric spaces of architectures. Organizational change means movement in this space. The speed of change is the ratio of the distance between positions in a space and the time it took for the organization to make the move. We illustrate how our distance-based approach can be used to formulate theories of age-related organizational inertia by using this representation to develop a model for a possible mechanism: age-related cultural resistance to change based on the dynamics of exposure of organizational members to architectural features. Our proposed mechanism is distinct from prevailing explanations and leads to new predictions. We also illustrate the value of our distance-based approach in a reanalysis of Sørensen and Stuart’s study of age variations in firms’ patenting behavior Sørensen JB, Stuart TE (2000) Aging, obsolescence, and organizational innovation.
Admin. Sci. Quart.
45(1):81–112. On the basis of patent citations, we construct a space that allows us to characterize the positions of organizations and the speed at which they change. We find that organizational age has a negative effect on the speed of change.
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