Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan anak Indonesia terutama yang tinggal di kota Palembang terkategori anak jalanan, pengemis dan gelandangan adalah disebabkan oleh hal-hal sebagai berikut: a. anak ...jalanan, pengemis dan gelandangan mempunyai kondisi ekonomi keluarga yang pas-pasan, mempunyai cacat tubuh sehingga mcmpersulit mencari pekerjaan, dan mempermudah bagi mereka untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan sebagai pengemis. karena rasa iba orang lain akan memperbanyak pendapatan mereka. Sedangkan gambaran anak jalanan latar belakang pendidikanya rendah. kondisi ekonomi keluarga pas-pasan, berusia sekolah tetapi mereka lebih tertarik untuk berada di jalanan dan bekerja sebagai gelandangan dan pengemis, karena tidak diikat oleh peraturan, latar belakang pendiidikan relatif rendah (ada yang sedang sekolah dasar/menengah pertama). Latar belakang sosial, budaya dan ekonomi yang mendorong dan menarik untuk tetap bertahan menjadi anak jalanan dan pengemis dapat dikatagorikan menjadi dua yaitu Faktor besar pendapatan yang dapat diperoleh dan pengemis merupakan pekerjaan yang mudah. Jaringan hubungan yang ditemukan diantara para pengemis dan anak jalanan tidak terjadi secara formal dalam organisasi yang permanen, tetapi dilakukan secara informal dan spontan. Oleh karena itu, pada dasarnya tidak terdapat jaringan dalam arti yang sesungguhnya, yang ada hubungan antar pengemis atau anak jalanan dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan. Aktor-aktor yang terlibat dalam hubungan tersebut adalah anak-anak, orangtua, saudara, teman. Hubungan-hubungan yang terbentuk dalam kumpulan dapat bersifat saling memanfaatkan, koordinatif-ekspioitasi, dan koordinatif-kerjasama. Alternatif model penanganan anak jalanan mengarah kepada 3 jenis model yaitu family base, institutional base dan multi-system base. Untuk menanggulangi anak Indonesia terutama yang berada di kota Palembang tidak akan menjadi anak jalanan. pengemis dan Gelandangan dapat juga dilakukan dengan cara menerapkan model Street-centered intervention, Family- centered intervention, Institutional-centered intervention, dan Community-centered intervention. Kata Kunci: Implementasi, Hak Anak Abstract: Factors that led to Indonesian children who live ini the city of palembang categorized street children, beggars and bums are caused by things as follows: a. Street children, beggars and homeless families have economic conditions that mediocre,,, have a disability which makes it difficult finding a job, and make it easier for them to get a job as a beggar, because the compassion of others will increase their income. While the picture of street children background pendidikanya low, the economic conditions of families mediocre, old school but they are more interested in being on the streets and working as geandangan and beggars, because it is not bound by regulations, educational background is relatively low (there being primary shool/secondary). social background, cultural and economic push and pull to survive become street children and beggars can be categorized into two major factors yaitu revenue that can be obtained and begging an easy job. Network of relationships found between beggars and street children do not occur formally within the organization permanently, but done informallu and spontaneously. Therefore, basically there is no network in the real sense, that there is a relationship betwen beggars or street children in carrying out the work. Actors involved in the relationship are children, parents, relatives, friends. Relationships are formed in the collection can mutually exploit, coordinative-exploitation, and coordinative-cooperation. Alternative models of handling street children leads to three types of models of family base, institutional base and multi-system base. To cope with the children of Indonesia, especially in the city of Palembang ankan not become street children, beggars and homeless could also be done by applying the model of Street-centered intervention, Family-centered intervention, Institutional-centered intervention, and community-centered intervention. Daftar Pustaka Penulis adalah Dosen Tetap pada Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Sumpah Pemuda Palembang Afrizal, "A Study of Matrilineal Kin Relation in Cotemporary Minangkabau Society of West Sumatera", Tesis Master of Art, Tasmania University , 1996. Farid Mohammad,. "Pekerja Anak, Upaya Implementasi Konvensi Hak Anak di Indonesia dan Konvensi ILO (no.l38)", Jurnal Analisis Sosial, Edisi 5 Juli 1997, Akatiga dan UNICEF, Jakarta, 1997. Hanandini, Dwiyanti, dkk., "Tindak Kekerasan dan Pelecehan Seksual terhadap Anak Jalanan", Laporan Penelitian, Dana HEDS, 2004. Hanandini, Dwiyanti, dkk, Perlindungan Anak Jalanan dari Tindak Kekerasan dan pelecehan Seksual, Laporan penelitian, Dana HEDS, 2005. Parsons et.al dalam Pramono, Wahyu, Pekerja Anak Sektor Informal Di Terminal Bus dan Angkutan Kota Kotamadya Padang, Laporan Penelitian (tidak diterbitkan), Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Andalas, padang, 2000. Suharto, Edi, Membangun Masyarakat Memberdayakan Rakyat, Kajian Strategis pembangunan Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Pekerjaan Sosial,PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2005. Soetomo. Masalah sosial dan pembangunan, PT. Dunia pustaka Jaya, Jakarta, 1995. Utomo, Suwarno. 1996. "Beberapa Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Motivasi Kerja Anak Usia Sekolah di Sektor Informal di Kotamadya Bengkulu" Tenaga Kerja Anak Indonesia: Rangkuman dan Sari Literatur, PDII-LIIP dan UNICEF, Jakarta. Wiyoga, Giwo Rubiyanto, dalam "Anak Jalanan Juga Anak Bangsa", http:// www.jurnalnasional.com/ diakses tanggal 01 November 2015 http://www.hupelita.com), diakses tanggal 01 November 2015 http://www.antara-sumbar.com, diakscs tgl 12-8-2009, diakses pada tanggal 01 November 2015
The role of medical practitioners in preventing violence is evident; however, it is not as simple as it looks, as medics consider medical assistance and treatment as their primary work mission. At ...the same time, as any other citizen, they are obliged to report violence, thereby helping to prevent it. The methodology employed in this study encompassed a review of legal frameworks and literature, open interviews with medical practitioners, and a meticulous analysis of internal documents and data systems. By synthesizing these methods, the research gained valuable insights into the challenges faced by medical professionals in preventing violence and identified opportunities for enhancing cooperation within the healthcare system. This comprehensive approach facilitated a nuanced exploration of the integration of legislative aspects into the daily routines of medical practitioners to advance the implementation of the Barnahus model in Latvia. The article gives insights into key existing documents and provides a detailed study of the available internal documents, data systems (patients’ electronic cards) and guidelines (recognition, recording and reporting of violence), with a view to understanding the importance of internal processes in order to identify and retain evidence. As regards the integration of legislative aspects into their daily routine, institutions need an effective internal process and guidelines which make it easy to record the fact of violence and evidence during the daily routine of professionals. Emphasis is also placed on increasing the cooperation and prevention role of medical practitioners, so that Latvia can successfully implement the Barnahus model.
Comprehensive sexuality education (known as Relationships and Sex Education (RSE) in England), which is age-appropriate, accurate, realistic and non-judgemental, is a tool that enables children and ...young people to make informed decisions about their sexual health, sexuality and well-being. As such, it is crucial towards the realisation of many of the rights of children under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, such as, but not limited to, the rights to information, education and health. However, in the English guidance on RSE, there is very little consideration of children’s rights, and the requirement to involve parents in the shaping of RSE curricula as well as the right for parents to withdraw children from sex education lessons potentially hinders children’s access to RSE. In this paper, we discuss the views and experiences of teachers and professional educators to ascertain the position of children’s rights in the National Guidance on RSE and in the everyday practice of teaching RSE. Their views and experiences assist us in understanding some of the motivators and barriers to teaching RSE from the perspective of children’s rights. In analysing the English approach to RSE, we used Bourke, Mallon and Maunsell’s framework and considered RSE rights under the UNCRC from the perspective of the right to education; rights in education and rights through RSE.
For centuries, some level of physical violence against children has been normalized, prescribed and legally justified. It has long been argued that violence is not abusive if it is intended as ...punishment and does not injure the child physically. This proposition has heavily influenced our language, research methods and approaches to intervention with the effect of perpetuating the belief that some level of violence is justifiable and acceptable in children’s lives. The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child precipitated a global recognition that the justification of punitive violence violates children’s fundamental protection rights. Yet, in the research literature, terminology, methods and approaches often minimize acts of violence if they are intended as punishment. This article summarizes progress made over the past 30 years and issues a call for transformative change in our conceptualizations of punitive violence.
Child psychological maltreatment (PM), also known as emotional abuse and neglect, mental violence, and emotional maltreatment, is the least recognized and addressed of the four major forms of child ...maltreatment.
This article provides an 1) the history of PM and its relationship to children's rights, 2) an overview of the current state of knowledge, 3) implications of diversity for the topic of PM, 4) an example of a topic-relevant intervention, and 5) a vision for further progress in addressing this form of child maltreatment.
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Literature review, intervention description of fabricated or induced illness, and expert opinion.
PM is directly implicated in seven of the articles of the Convention. PM is common, reliable definitions of PM exist and need to be applied to practice and public health surveillance, harmfulness has been empirically established but is not fully appreciated, and countries vary dramatically in terms of incidence.
PM is a human rights issue that must be addressed through child protection and promotion of child wellbeing. Adoption of reliable definitions of the different aspects of PM for Child Protective Service practice is a top policy goal. The development of empirically supported curricula on PM for training professionals and parents and culturally sensitive interventions to change social norms on the use of psychologically aggressive disciplinary practices and other forms of PM are critical research needs. Well-validated interventions to support quality parent-child relationships and support families exist and need to be widely adopted. Individual child protective measures should be confined to cases of ongoing serious PM when interventions have failed to reduce harm to the child.
In September 2019, 16 children petitioned against Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany and Turkey before the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in what has come to be known as ...the Sacchi case. The children requested that the UNCRC find that those States had caused and perpetuated climate change by knowingly disregarding scientific evidence, and that, in so doing, they had violated the children's human rights. In October 2021, the UNCRC dismissed the petition upon the grounds that it was inadmissible, as the petitioners had failed to exhaust domestic remedies. The Sacchi case gave rise to new challenges with regards to the admissibility of the decision: beyond the exhaustion of domestic remedies, the UNCRC had to grapple with the issue of victimhood in the context of climate change and extraterritorial climate obligations conferred to States in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights declared the Sacchi decision a 'historic ruling'. But did the UNCRC's conclusions in Sacchi truly break new ground? This article explores that question by examining the three admissibility criteria in turn: extraterritorial jurisdiction, victimhood, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies.
With the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), commentators began to situate the evolution of the status of children within the context of the "property to ...persons" trajectory that other human rights stories had followed. In the first edition of A Question of Commitment, editors R. Brian Howe and Katherine Covell provided a template of analysis for understanding this evolution. They identified three overlapping stages of development as children transitioned from being regarded as objects to subjects in their own right: social laissez-faire, paternalistic protection, and children's rights. In the social laissez-faire stage, children are regarded as objects, and largely as the property of parents. In the paternalistic protection stage, children are seen as vulnerable and in need of protection. The children's rights stage lays emphasis on children as rights- bearers, as individuals in their own right with entitlements. In this second edition, new essays assess the extent to which children's rights have been incorporated into their respective areas of policy and law. The authors draw conclusions about what the situation reveals about the status of children in Canada. Overall, many challenges remain on the pathway to full recognition and citizenship.
Since its adoption by the United Nations in November 1989, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has become the most universally ratified human rights treaty in history; presently only the ...United States has not ratified it. The CRC articulates children’s human rights and notably includes freedom from sexual abuse and exploitation. Yet thirty years after the Convention was adopted, child sexual abuse and exploitation (CSA/E) remain serious, persistent, and evolving global issues. This overview both describes the current state of research on child sexual abuse and exploitation and evaluates the CRC’s legacy in terms of State-level responses to CSA/E. Points of agreement and disagreement over what constitutes CSA/E and how widespread it is are explored. Also presented are the contexts in which CSA/E takes place, and factors associated with children’s risk of being sexually abused or exploited. Emerging issues in these areas are the internet and children’s use of it, as children may now become subject to abuse or exploitation even when physically alone. The second part of the paper addresses the CRC’s influence on States’ domestic legislation and States’ responses to CSA/E more broadly. Gaps in efforts to monitor and report on the CRC’s implementation with respect to its impact on CSA/E are described. The discussion offers guidance for future efforts to research and respond to child sexual abuse and exploitation, and in particular the ongoing need for support to survivors beyond the legal response paradigm.
This volume argues that international human rights law has made a positive contribution to the realization of human rights in much of the world. Although governments sometimes ratify human rights ...treaties, gambling that they will experience little pressure to comply with them, this is not typically the case. Focusing on rights stakeholders rather than the United Nations or state pressure, Beth Simmons demonstrates through a combination of statistical analyses and case studies that the ratification of treaties leads to better rights practices on average. Simmons argues that international human rights law should get more practical and rhetorical support from the international community as a supplement to broader efforts to address conflict, development, and democratization.
Ideas about ethical research with young children are evolving at a rapid rate. Not only can young children participate in the informed consent process, but researchers now also recognize that the ...process must be meaningful for them. As part of a larger study, this article reviews children's rights and informed consent literature as the foundation for the development of a new conceptual model of meaningful early childhood informed consent. Based on this model, an 'interactive narrative' approach is presented as a means to inform three- to eight-year-old children about what their participation might involve and to assist them to understand and respond as research participants. For use with small groups, this approach revolves around a storybook based on research-related factual images delivered via interactive (re)telling. This narrative approach to informed consent is unique in its holistic design which seeks to address the specific needs of young children in research.
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