In this Article, we explore a subset of the urban-rural divide and propose a mechanism for reducing its economic and political effects within that limited realm. Specifically, we focus on the subset ...of rural areas that lie within what the Office of Management and Budget defines as micropolitan areas. Micropolitan areas are characterized by an urban area with a population between 10,000 and 50,000, and adjacent rural counties. Data suggest that rural areas within micropolitan regions do better economically than rural areas unconnected to urban areas, though not as well as the principal city within the micropolitan area. If the objective is to reduce the economic, and perhaps also the political, divide between urban and rural areas, then micropolitan areas may represent low-hanging fruit for redress. This Article argues that micropolitan areas are an important window into understanding the relationship between urban and rural economies, explores the characteristics of those areas that are likely to generate economic success, and recommends policies that would capture those benefits. Additionally, we speculate that increased opportunities for economic interaction between the urban and rural parts of micropolitan areas could also address the political aspects of the urban-rural divide. Recognizing the complexity of the relationship between urban and rural economies, we identify various obstacles to realizing the kinds of interlocal cooperation that we believe are necessary to reduce the economic and political divide within micropolitan areas. We conclude with suggestions for a research agenda to remedy the underdeveloped study of micropolitan areas.
Objetivo: Identificar polos de ocorrência de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana na zona rural, no Estado do Paraná avaliando taxas de incidência anual, calculadas obre a população rural. Metodologia: ...utilizou a base dados do DATASUS/SINAN (2001-2015). A definição dos polos de ocorrência utilizou a série 2007-2015. Elaboraram-se mapas de análise dos casos absolutos por município e as taxas de incidência anual/100.000 habitantes sobre a população total e apenas rural. Os dados de população envolveram projeções de 2001 a 2015. Analisaram-se aspectos socioambientais. Resultados: Identificaram-se sete polos de LTA de ocorrência rural no período: Os municípios que apresentaram as maiores taxas de ocorrência, considerado o meio rural/100.000 habitantes, e os focos da LTA, nos polos, foram: Jussara (567/100.000hab), Japurá (418), São Jorge do Ivaí (377), Doutor Camargo (247), Ivatuba (233), São Tomé (221), Terra Boa (143), Tuneiras do Oeste (114) e Cianorte (98), todos no polo (b) Jussara; Adrianópolis (209) e Cerro Azul (60), no polo (a) Adrianópolis-; Lobato (113), no polo (g) Icaraíma (86), no polo (e) Bandeirantes (79), no polo (c) Bandeirantes. Os polos (d) Londrina e (f) Lindoeste - são amplos e difusos, com taxas de ocorrência menos significativas. As taxas calculadas apenas sobre a população rural dão a dimensão da alta incidência no meio rural.
La población colombiana ha vivido una serie importante de eventos violentos que afectan la salud de la población, en especial los niños rurales. El objetivo del presente estudio mixto con dos ...componentes narrativos y de prevalencia fue determinar el efecto de un modelo dialógico y reflexivo entre la creación artística, las narrativas experienciales y la resiliencia, en una muestra conformada por 130 niños, niñas y jóvenes escolares en zonas veredales de departamentos afectados por el conflicto armado. Entre los instrumentos aplicados están el Test de Resiliencia JJ46 y una entrevista narrativa antes y después de la intervención; se calculó la razón de prevalencias OR con el SPSS. Las diferencias significativas obtenidas en los resultados es posible afirmar que la intervención artística incremento la autoestima, asertividad y adaptabilidad, es decir la resiliencia, en especial en las mujeres en cinco de las seis dimensiones. Como parte de las conclusiones es posible afirmar que en esta población el arte y la cultura aportan en la transformación de estados de bienestar individual y social de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, por ello se puede proyectar su aplicación en zonas de población con desventaja económica y social.
Palavras chave: comunidades negras rurais, infancia, memória social, transmissâo intergeracional ABSTRACT Intergenerational transmission plays an important role in the maintenance of social memory of ...black rural communities, in the transmission of knowledge and tradition that characterize its relation with the ethnic and racial territory. ...we will discuss the results of an extension activity, in which were realized semi-structured interviews with nine habitants of the community, as well as workshops with around thirty children and young people. The children, in their turn, demonstrated appropriation and the ability to update these narratives, something we observed in their conversations, games and drawings. Keywords: black rural communities, childhood, intergenerational transmission, social memory Neste artigo analisamos a transmissao intergeracional de narrativas sobre o território e o papel das crianças na preservaçao da memória social, a partir de um projeto de extensao realizado com crianças e jovens moradores da comunidade negra rural de Cafuringa, em Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ, Brasil).
Background: Rural health clinics may be an effective site for the delivery of weight management in rural communities. However, rural clinic staff trained to deliver weight management may be ...unavailable. This secondary analysis used data from a trial which randomized rural adults (BMI = 35 kg/m2) to a weight loss intervention delivered by group phone (GP, n = 71) or individual phone (IP, n = 80) (DK108732) to examine the impact of the type of interventionist (clinical staff nurse/dietician (CS) vs. allied health professional health educator/kinesiologist (AH P)) on 6 mo. weight loss. Methods: All interventionists (CS = 4 2 registered nurses, 2 registered dietitians; AHP = 2 1 health educator, 1 kinesiologist) were trained to deliver a multicomponent weight management intervention that included education/behavioral counseling, reduced energy diet, increased physical activity and self-monitoring. Interventionist training included a detailed intervention program binder and a 1-day on-site, and four 1-h. remote sessions. A factorial model was performed to compare the effect of interventionist type (CS vs AHP), delivery mode (GP vs. IP), and their interaction on weight change (%) across 6 mos. Results: Six-mo. weight loss was significantly greater in the GP (-11.7 ± 6.6%) compared with the IP arm (-9.2 ± 6.8%; p < 0.01). There was a significant interaction between delivery mode and interventionist type. In the IP arm weight loss was significantly greater when the intervention was delivered by CS (-10.9 ± 6.5%) compared with AHP (-5.7 ± 6.0%; p = 0.02). However, in the GP arm weight loss not significantly different when the intervention was delivered by CS (-11.3 ± 5.9%) or AHP (-12.7 ± 8.1%, p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that interventionist type did not impact 6 mo. weight loss when the weight loss intervention was delivered in a group-based format. However, when using an individual format weight loss was significantly greater when the intervention was delivered by CS compared with AHP.
Background: Youth in rural areas are disproportionally affected by pediatric obesity. Given the unique barriers rural populations face, tailoring and increasing access to obesity interventions is ...necessary. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a family-based pediatric obesity intervention delivered to rural children via televideo to a participant's home (iAmHealthy). Methods: Participating schools (n = 18) were randomly assigned to iAmHealthy or a newsletter control group. iAmHealthy is a family-based obesity intervention consisting of biweekly individual health coaching and 8 weekly group sessions followed by six monthly group sessions. Child height/weight and physical activity (MVPA) were assessed at baseline, post-treatment (8 months) and follow-up (20 months). Multi-level modeling accounting for the study's nested design estimated the effect of treatment on outcomes at both timepoints. Results: 148 youth (Mage = 8.9; 56.8% female; 87.1% White) were randomized to iAmHealthy (n = 64) or the control group (n = 84). For child BMIz change, the control group had a marginally significant increase, F (1,130) = 3.82, p = 0.053, from baseline to post and a significant increase, F(1,121) = 12.88, p < 0.001, from baseline to follow-up. The iAmHealthy group had no significant changes in BMIz from baseline to post or follow-up. For average daily MVPA, no differences were observed from baseline to post in either group; however, from baseline to follow-up a significant decrease was observed in the control group (F (1,97) = 20.59, p < 0.001), while iAmHealthy had no significant changes. Conclusions: This trial extends previous pediatric obesity work in an innovative direction by increasing convenience (moving the mHealth intervention into rural family homes) and dose of treatment. Results at follow-up suggest improved BMIz trajectories and long-term health behaviors for youth in the iAmHealthy group compared to the control group.
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