The Brazilian legislation recognizes water springs and their surroundings as permanent preservation areas. In rural areas, many property owners do not follow the legislation, compromising their ...integrity and ecosystem functions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the environmental integrity of water springs in rural areas using the Environmental Impact Index of Springs and new indicators for planning, recovery, and preservation actions. The study was carried out in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, analyzing water springs with different use and conservation conditions. The Environmental Impact Index of Springs was evaluated and a detailed description of risks of pollution was carried out, called Characterization of the Surroundings of the Water Spring. The Environmental Impact Index of Springs shows that the preservation of springs in rural areas is compromised, mainly due to absence of vegetation, use by humans and animals, and easy accessibility. The Characterization of the Surroundings of the Water Spring pointed out that, even in the presence of vegetation, potential sources of contamination are found, showing the need for action plans to mitigate these effects. The joint use of these methodologies provides multidisciplinary and comprehensive subsidies to assess the integrity of these threatened ecosystems.
Abstract only Introduction Acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO) occurs frequently and benefits from endovascular therapies available at comprehensive stroke centers (CSC) ...{Goyal 2016} {Lakomkin, 2019}. Real world evidence shows that endovascular therapy is effective and better than tPA in cases of LVO {Noguria 2016}. Comprehensive stroke centers are also faster at administering tPA and have better tPA metrics for patients with LVO compared to transfers from non CSCs{Shumei M, 2018}{Seker 2020}. Evidence shows that direct transport to an interventional center may provide benefit even if they are not the closest hospital {Benoit J, 2018} {Venema 2020}. Prehospital stroke severity tools such as the RACE scale and others have been devised to detect LVO with reasonable sensitivity and specificity {Krebs 2018} {Dickson 2020}. Helicopter Air Ambulances (HAA) can limit the time to comprehensive stroke care for rural communities {Liera 2016}. Following the recommendations of the American Stroke Society (ASA), regional EMS protocol allow for direct transfer for potential LVO cases within 24 hours by HAA.{NWOEMS consortium protocol}{Powers WJ 2019}. For this reason HAA can enhance access to comprehensive stroke centers into rural communities. Methods A retrospective assessment of RACE scales of 5 or greater performed by prehospital providers was used in order to activate HAA. Descriptive statistics were obtained for patients transported with primary goal of determining the positive predictive values of the RACE Scale for LVO occlusions. Secondary outcomes were if patients had other conditions requiring a comprehensive stroke center. Results Data from 148 subjects were in the research dataset. Twelve of these were eliminated due to not meeting inclusion criteria, death prior to imaging, and transport to another facility where records were not available. This resulted in analyses from 136 subjects. Of the 136, 53 (39.0%) were true LVO cases as defined by CT, CTA imaging or MRI. There were 83 (61%) falsely positive (no LVO on imaging). Mechanical thrombectomy occurred in 30 cases (22.1%) with 63 (46.4%) requiring a neurologic intervention. Conclusion When the RACE scale is used in real world EMS practice to triage rural stroke cases, it has a high positive predictive for HAA activation with delivery to a comprehensive stroke center in suspected stroke cases. Even false positive activations required care at a comprehensive stroke center in most case.
En las últimas décadas, España ha experimentado una drástica reducción de población en núcleos rurales debido a los flujos migratorios hacia las ciudades, más Intenso en el caso de las mujeres. La ...oferta de servicios esenciales, como la educación, es crucial para combatir la despoblación y mejorar la cohesión social y territorial de las áreas rurales. Aunque la Igualdad de oportunidades de acceso a una educación de calidad está respaldada tanto por la legislación nacional como Internacional, la realidad muestra algunos Indicadores educativos con peores valoraciones para las zonas rurales. Este trabajo se centra en analizar las diferencias de resultados en las competencias PISA entre zonas rurales y urbanas en España, considerando distintos grados de rural idad e incorporando perspectiva de género. Las principales conclusiones revelan diferencias de género a favor de las mujeres en la competencia lingüística en todas las categorías geográficas. Para las competencias matemáticas y científicas, son los hombres quienes presentan mejores resultados, a excepción de las zonas de mayor grado de rura I i dad, las aldeas. Otros factores moderadores de los resultados complementan el análisis.
Background: Recruiting and preparing residents to practise in rural communities begins with an accurate characterization of current rural surgeons and future employment prospects. We aimed to ...characterize rural Canadian surgeons and to predict the rural workforce requirements for the next decade. This cross-sectional observational study evaluated Canadian rural general surgeons, characterized by surgeons working in a city with population < 100 000. Methods: Surgeons were identified using provincial college websites and the 2015 Canadian Association of General Surgeons database. Demographics included year and country of medical degree (MD) achievement, and fellowship status. A predictive model for future rural employment opportunities was developed on the following assumptions: (1) the current number of rural surgeons per capita is adequate, (2) the rural population will increase 1.1% annually, (3) estimated career length is 36 years following MD conferment, and (4) 85.4 new graduates will enter the workforce annually. Results: We evaluated 606 rural Canadian general surgeons. The majority graduated after 1989 (73%), were Canadian medical graduates (74%) and did not complete a fellowship (82%). When stratified by graduation year, 91% of surgeons with degrees since 2009 were Canadian-trained, compared with 53% of surgeons with degrees before 1980 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Using the prediction model, an estimated 239 rural surgeons will retire by 2031 and 70 additional surgeons will be needed to account for population growth. In total, there will be a demand for 309 new rural surgeons over the next 10 years, meaning 33% of general surgery graduates will need to enter rural practice to maintain the current Canadian rural surgery workforce. Canadian rural surgeons vary widely in their background and demographics. Future opportunities in rural surgery are projected to increase. These findings suggest that residency programs need more rural-specific training to encourage trainees to serve Canadas rural communities.
This paper uses ordered logit models to test for evidence of systematically higher levels of subjective wellbeing in rural Scotland, differentiating between remote rural and accessible rural areas. ...Data are drawn from the 2008/9 wave of the BHPS covering a sample of almost 2150 Scottish residents. Two alternative quantitative measures of subjective wellbeing are used in the analysis, one based on life satisfaction, the other on mental wellbeing. The results find statistically significant evidence of higher life satisfaction in remote (but not accessible) rural Scotland after having controlled for the individual characteristics of respondents. In contrast, the mental wellbeing measure is not found to vary across rural-urban space. The paper concludes by suggesting several areas for further analysis emphasising how such research could support Scottish Government policy.
•There is evidence of higher life satisfaction in remote rural areas of Scotland.•There is no evidence of higher life satisfaction in accessible rural areas in Scotland.•Mental wellbeing was not found to vary across rural-urban space.•The results confirm the value of using multiple measures of wellbeing.
The environmental damage is one of the essential factors that determine of disasters. Industrial activities that are mostly in urban areas are contributors to this problem. These activities often ...exploit resources from rural to an urban area. So that industry is required to be actively involved in maintaining the rural area alike implementing a green industry thatcan be represent through the application of green accounting which is disclose environmental information. The purpose of this paper is to explain the involved an industry in rural areas. Especially, to explain benefit and industry motive. This study uses legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory as a theoretical framework to explain the role of industry. The research method used a quantitative approach and seconder data from Indonesia stock exchange with the LQ45 index as a sample. The data analyzed using multiple regression and path analysis to examine environmental factors that influence the economic performance. The result of this study shows that environmental performance and environmental cost has an influence on environmental disclosure then influence economic performance. Furthermore, it can be identified that the company get the benefit from environmental performance and environmental cost. Also, Economic performance is a reason why an industry involved in maintaining the rural area.
Rural succession has been a problem that has been discussed in the academy, among policymakers and, above all, among family farmers around the world. Young people have shown less and less interest in ...staying in rural areas, but there has been less interest in sequencing the agricultural activities of their parents. In this sense, recognizing the role of young people in the rural development process, the objective of the present study is to analyze the perspectives of the rural young people of Santana do Livramento / RS about the permanence in the rural environment and the interest in the family succession. The methodology of the study is quantitative, performed through descriptive statistics. Structured questionnaires containing open and closed questions were applied to young people, children of farmers, who attended high school, in a total of 59 rural youth, aged between 14 and 19 years. The main results are: young people want to stay in the field and have a greater interest in being managers of the property in greater number than the young ones; young people with less land area are less interested in being successors; emotional and relationship factors prevail in the desire for permanence in the field; obstacles to agricultural labor, difficulties in accessing production units, land scarcity, low autonomy, and the economic pressure exerted by large farms, are the factors that contribute to the exit of rural youth from Santana do Livramento / RS.
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