This research examines the concept of paradox brands – that is, brands with contradictory brand personality associations (e.g., rugged yet sophisticated) – and explores how to increase favorable ...evaluations of such brands using specific emotional appeals. In this regard, important life events such as graduation or memories of a grandmother can elicit the mixed emotions of happiness and sadness at the same time. This research reports three experimental studies conducted in different markets (the U.S. and the UK) that demonstrate mixed emotional appeals (sadness and happiness) are more persuasive than positive emotional appeals (happiness) for enhancing favorable consumer evaluations of paradox brands. This is because experiencing mixed emotions increases cognitive flexibility. Further, the effect of mixed emotional appeals is attenuated at high construal levels. This research offers meaningful theoretical and practical implications to the literatures on brand personality and mixed emotions by highlighting the potential of mixed emotions for promoting paradox brands.
The Role of Emotions in Esports Performance Behnke, Maciej; Gross, James J.; Kaczmarek, Lukasz D.
Emotion (Washington, D.C.),
08/2022, Letnik:
22, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Emotions that differ on the approach-avoidance dimension are thought to have different functions. Based on the motivational dimensional model of affect, we expected high-approach tendency (and not ...valence) to facilitate sports performance in a gaming context. Moreover, we expected the influence of high-approach emotions on performance to be mediated by higher levels of cognitive and physiological challenge as an approach-related response. To test these hypotheses, 241 men completed 5 matches of a soccer video game FIFA 19. Before each match, approach tendencies and valence were experimentally manipulated by showing films that elicit amusement, enthusiasm, sadness, anger, and neutral states. Approach tendency, challenge/threat evaluations, cardiovascular responses, and game scores were recorded. After watching enthusiastic and amusing videos, gamers displayed stronger approach tendencies, and, in turn, improved performance, compared to negative emotions and neutral conditions. Moreover, enthusiasm produced a stronger approach tendency and promoted better performance than amusement. Elicitation of unpleasant emotions (anger and sadness) had no effect on approach tendencies or gaming-outcomes relative to the neutral conditions. Across all conditions, gamers with higher levels of cognitive and cardiovascular challenge achieved higher scores. These findings indicate that in a gaming context performance is enhanced by pleasant emotions with high-approach tendencies.
According to the influential shared signal hypothesis, perceived gaze direction influences the recognition of emotion from the face, for example, gaze averted sideways facilitates the recognition of ...sad expressions because both gaze and expression signal avoidance. Importantly, this approach assumes that gaze direction is an independent cue that influences emotion recognition. But could gaze direction also impact emotion recognition because it is part of the stereotypical representation of the expression itself? In Experiment 1, we measured gaze aversion in participants engaged in a facial expression posing task. In Experiment 2, we examined the use of gaze aversion when constructing facial expressions on a computerized avatar. Results from both experiments demonstrated that downward gaze plays a central role in the representation of sad expressions. In Experiment 3, we manipulated gaze direction in perceived facial expressions and found that sadness was the only expression yielding a recognition advantage for downward, but not sideways gaze. Finally, in Experiment 4 we independently manipulated gaze aversion and eyelid closure, thereby demonstrating that downward gaze enhances sadness recognition irrespective of eyelid position. Together, these findings indicate that (1) gaze and expression are not independent cues and (2) the specific type of averted gaze is critical. In consequence, several premises of the shared signal hypothesis may need revision.
•Objective: Examining the effects of deceptive and non-deceptive placebos in sadness.•N=147 participants underwent a 2 × 2 + 1 design (factors: placebo, rationale style; CG).•Deceptive but not ...open-label placebos reduced sadness.•Personalized and scientific rationale styles evoked deceptive placebo effects.
Placebo effects play an important role in psychopharmacological treatment of depression. Among the most potent mechanisms are positive treatment expectations. However, there is large heterogeneity in how they are induced. We studied the protective effects against sadness of deceptive (DP) and open-label placebos (OLP) combined with one of two new rationale styles.
Healthy participants (N = 147) were randomly assigned to one of five groups. In this ”2x2+1” design, two factors were varied: The rationale style (personal-emotional style vs. scientific-matter-of-fact style) and the type of placebo (DP vs. OLP). The placebo was introduced as a protection from sadness. In addition, there was a no-treatment control group (CG). Participants viewed a sad movie scene after placebo application. The primary outcome was pre-post change in sadness, a major component of depression.
Participants in the DP groups showed a significant protective effect against sadness, whereas sadness increased in both the OLP groups and the CG. There were no differences between the rationale styles.
Short-term induced sadness has limited external validity in a heterogeneous long-term mental disorder like depression.
In line with other OLP studies, no OLP effect could be observed in this healthy sample. In contrast, DP significantly reduced sadness. While placebo effects contribute substantially to antidepressant treatment, the potential of OLP in the treatment of depression appears to be limited in non-clinical samples. In addition, our results suggest that different ways to induce treatment expectations are possible.
Background:
Turkey has one of the highest death rates in the world due to COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic caused anxiety and depression in individuals. However, there is insufficient information on ...the effects of COVID-19 on individuals and their coping methods. Therefore, mental problems associated with the pandemic need to be evaluated rapidly.
Aims:
This study was carried out to determine depression levels and related factors in a society affected by COVID-19.
Method:
The study was planned using a descriptive cross-sectional design. The study started 2 weeks after the first diagnosis of COVID-19 in Turkey and was carried out between March 23 and April 3, 2020. The study included 1115 adult participants who were between 18 and 65 years of age and were citizens of the Turkish Republic. The study was carried out using online questionnaires, and data were collected with the Personal Information Form and the Beck Depression Inventory. The data were evaluated using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 20 software program.
Results:
The depression scores of female participants who were between 18 and 29 years of age, single, students, and had less income than their expenses were found to be higher than others. People who experienced fear of being infected and infecting others, had a cleaning obsession, anxiety about the future, sadness, and anxiousness experienced depression at lower levels when compared to other participants. Participants who had to change their place of residence during the quarantine, experienced loneliness, fear of death, hopelessness, sleep problems, felt useless and worthless, started to smoke and drink alcohol, and experienced depression at moderate levels. Depression scores of those who spent time with their family, made time for themselves, were busy with home education or work were lower compared to others.
Conclusion:
The COVID-19 pandemic caused mild-level depression in the Turkish society.
•A research model based on S-O-R framework is proposed to examine the factors that influence health information avoidance intention during the COVID-19 pandemic.•Information avoidance in the COVID-19 ...pandemic is determined by consumers’ negative affect: sadness, anxiety, and cognitive dissonance.•Information avoidance intention influences consumers’ subsequent intentions of taking preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.•Consumer's negative affect is influenced by perceived threat and perceived information overload during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This study investigated consumers’ information-avoidance behavior in the context of a public health emergency—the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Guided by the stimulus-organism-response paradigm, it proposes a model for exploring the effects of external stimuli (perceived threat and perceived information overload) related to COVID-19 on consumers’ internal states (sadness, anxiety, and cognitive dissonance) and their subsequent behavioral intentions to avoid health information and engage in preventive behaviors. With a survey sample (N = 721), we empirically examined the proposed model and tested the hypotheses. The results indicate that sadness, anxiety, and cognitive dissonance, which were a result of perceived threat and perceived information overload, had heterogeneous effects on information avoidance. Anxiety and cognitive dissonance increased information avoidance intention, while sadness decreased information avoidance intention. Moreover, information avoidance predicted a reluctance on the part of consumers to engage in preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings not only contribute to the information behavior literature and extend the concept of information avoidance to a public health emergency context, but also yield practical insights for global pandemic control.
With empirical research on abusive supervision flourishing, there is an increasing need for an integrative framework that accounts for how and why individuals vary in their perceptions, experiences, ...and responses to abuse over time. To address this need, we integrate theories of emotions to present a multiphase, episodic process model explaining how initial attributions and appraisals combine to give rise to three distinct emotions—anger, fear, and sadness—that, in turn, drive a range of behavioral responses. We build on this foundation to offer new propositions on how various person and situational factors combine at each phase to produce different emotional and behavioral pathways, and we further conceptualize how feedback loops linking the behavioral responses in one episode to the next can result in emotional modulations and increasing (or decreasing) trajectories of adaptation to abuse. We advance the abusive supervision literature by providing a dynamic framework that integrates and organizes existing research, offering new emotions-based explanations for why people exhibit a range of responses to abuse over time, and highlighting areas in need of future research that have the potential to provide a more complete understanding of abusive supervision and its implications for organizations.
The paper studies the language of sadness in English on a corpus of conventional expressions and aims at investigating the choice of prepositions combined with a number of sadness terms (e.g.
). The ...paper finds that the prepositional phrases name the causes triggering sadness and there are correlations between the prepositions
and
and the types of causes combined together, which can be explained the metaphorical meanings of the prepositions.
This study aimed to determine whether HIV-Pain and Sadness Support (HIV-PASS), a collaborative behavioral health intervention based on behavioral activation, is associated with decreased pain-related ...interference with daily activities, depression, and other outcomes in people living with HIV.
We conducted a three-site clinical trial ( n = 187) in which we randomly assigned participants to receive either HIV-PASS or health education control condition. In both conditions, participants received seven intervention sessions, comprising an initial in-person joint meeting with the participant, their HIV primary care provider and a behavioral health specialist, and six, primarily telephone-based, meetings with the behavioral health specialist and participant. The intervention period lasted 3 months, and follow-up assessments were conducted for an additional 9 months.
Compared with health education, HIV-PASS was associated with significantly lower pain-related interference with daily activities at the end of month 3 (our primary outcome; b = -1.31, 95% confidence interval = -2.28 to -0.34). We did not observe other differences between groups at 3 months in secondary outcomes that included worst or average pain in the past week, depression symptoms, anxiety, and perceived overall mental and physical health. There were no differences between groups on any outcomes at 12 months after enrollment.
A targeted intervention can have positive effects on pain interference. At the end of intervention, effects we found were in a clinically significant range. However, effects diminished once the intervention period ended.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02766751.
What Makes Online Content Viral? BERGER, JONAH; MILKMAN, KATHERINE L.
Journal of marketing research,
04/2012, Letnik:
49, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Why are certain pieces of online content (e.g., advertisements, videos, news articles) more viral than others? This article takes a psychological approach to understanding diffusion. Using a unique ...data set of all the New York Times articles published over a three-month period, the authors examine how emotion shapes virality. The results indicate that positive content is more viral than negative content, but the relationship between emotion and social transmission is more complex than valence alone. Virality is partially driven by physiological arousal. Content that evokes high-arousal positive (awe) or negative (anger or anxiety) emotions is more viral. Content that evokes low-arousal, or deactivating, emotions (e.g., sadness) is less viral. These results hold even when the authors control for how surprising, interesting, or practically useful content is (all of which are positively linked to virality), as well as external drivers of attention (e.g., how prominently content was featured). Experimental results further demonstrate the causal impact of specific emotion on transmission and illustrate that it is driven by the level of activation induced. Taken together, these findings shed light on why people share content and how to design more effective viral marketing campaigns.
PDF
