Être pour aller en français d’Europe Glikman, Julie; Patard, Adeline
SHS Web of Conferences,
2022, Letnik:
138
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
L’objectif de cette contribution est d’interroger la variation opérant dans le paradigme d’
aller
entre les formes
avoir été
et
être allé
en français d’Europe (ex.
j’ai été / je suis allé à la ...piscine
). Après une revue des discours métalinguistiques sur la question, nous retraçons l’origine et la diffusion de la forme
avoir été
dans les contextes passés où elle peut alterner avec
être allé
. Cela nous renseignera sur la chronologie de l’intégration d’avoir été au paradigme de
aller
et son éventuelle réanalyse sémantique, ainsi que sur l’état actuel de la variation. Nous mettrons ainsi au jour le parcours sémantico-pragmatique de
avoir été
lui permettant de prendre place dans des contextes passés de
aller
. Ensuite, nous évoquerons la question de l’effet de la norme sur les usages à travers le jugement des locuteurs, pour voir l’influence du discours normatif sur le développement de
avoir été
comme passé de
aller
. Ainsi, malgré le changement sémantique et la réanalyse permettant le glissement de
être
vers les emplois de
aller
, les deux variantes sont encore bien vivantes en français contemporain d’Europe et alternent selon une distribution diaphasique.
Être for
aller
in European French.
The objective of the paper is to examine the variation within the paradigm of aller (‘go’) between the composed forms
avoir été
(‘have been’) and
être allé
(‘have gone’) in European French (e.g.
j’ai été / je suis allé à la piscine
‘I have been / have gone to the swimming pool’). After presenting the metalinguistic discourses on the issue, we trace back the origin and dissemination of
avoir été
in past contexts where it may alternate with
être allé
. This will inform us about the chronology of
avoir été
’s integration within the paradigm of
aller
and its possible semantic reanalysis, as well as the present state of the variation between both constructions. We will uncover the semantico-pragmatic path of
avoir été
that allowed for its extension to past contexts of
aller
. Then we will deal with the impact of the norm on linguistic uses through speakers’ judgments in order to assess the influence of normative discourses on the development of
avoir été
as a past variant of
aller
. Thus, despite a semantic change and reanalysis permitting
être
(‘be’) to develop similar uses as
aller
, both variants are still striving in contemporary French spoken in Europe and alternates according to a diaphasic distribution.
The article is devoted to the study of writer’s individual style. It is carried out using linguostylistic analysis of the linguistic as well as stylistic and textual features typical for his works. ...In total, over 200 poems by Sergei Vasilyev-Borogonsky were analyzed, including verses and poems. Linguistic and stylistic as well as textual facts are based on 500 lines of poetry. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the idiostyle of the writer is mainly manifested at the syntactic level. At this level, the syntactic and semantic-syntactic means are distinguished, represented by stylistic figures and syntactic constructions. The most common syntactic means are the types of repetitions that create the rhythmic organization of the poetic text (anaphora, epiphora) and some syntactic constructions that testify to folklorism and high pathos of the stylistics of works (syntactic parallelism, rhetorical questions, addresses and exclamations). Both semantic and syntactic means are found in the continuous connection of repetitions structure with their semantics (antitheses, gradations and refrains). By means of poetic syntax, S.S. Vasilyev-Borogonsky creates artistic images, reveals the themes and ideological intentions of his works, and creates author’s lyrical digressions. They also serve as a means of creating the composition and rhythm of a poetic text. The novelty of this study results from the fact that the language and style of the Yakut poet and publicist, Sergei Vasilyev-Borogonsky, has not yet become an object of special study.
German composition fugues are inconspicuous and difficult to define, especially since their occurrence amounts to only about 30% of the total number of compositions. Nevertheless, a considerable ...number of the errors that occur are due to their incorrect use. Their linguistic status is just as bad. Mostly, contingent – possible, but not inherent – functions are mentioned: prosodic or that of signalling morpheme boundaries. In the present paper, the meta-linguistic added value of fugue oppositions is pointed out – preferably as indexing the language register contrasts between common and technical language with their relevant semantic differences.
In the Ukrainian literary language of the first two decades of the 21st century we can observe the simultaneous functioning of several grammatical varieties of temporal construction, con-sisting of ...the case or prepositional-case form of the noun and the agreed attributive component (adjec-tive, pronoun, numeral). This variability of grammatical forms of temporal construction predefinеs changes in the grammatical design of the semantics of time. The diversity of grammatical forms of temporal construction causes difficulties related to the problems of their priority and accordance with modern grammatical norms. The aim of this article is to analyze the changes that have occurred in the grammatical expression of the semantics of time over the past hundred years of Ukrainian liter-ary language, and to establish which of the temporal constructions correspond to the long-standing Ukrainian tradition. Attention is focused primarily on those grammatical constructions that are actively used in the language practice of the 21st century. Based on the analysis of lexicographic and scientific sources of different chronological sections, the semantic and syntactic features of these temporal constructions are determined, which allowed practical recommendations for their correct and appropriate use to be developed and proposed.
Visant à ennoblir la langue française, la poésie de la Pléiade est perçue par la critique littéraire française comme ambitieuse et provocatrice, si bien que la question de l’implicite y est souvent ...négligée. Cependant, nous considérons que la question de l’implicite touche à celle de la philosophie de l’amour et de son expression poétique. Au XVI
e
siècle, les membres de la Pléiade ont beaucoup recours aux figures de style et développent notamment les « figures de sens », les « figures de pensée » et les figures de contradiction qui mettent en oeuvre un travail à la fois lexical et sémantique. En nous appuyant sur leurs traités rhétoriques et poétiques, nous proposons de réévaluer l’apport sémantique et l’éthique des figures de la poésie amoureuse. En nous attachant à l’étude des unités lexicales qui constituent les figures de style et aux méthodes de l’analyse énonciative, nous rechercherons les manifestations de l’implicite dans la construction lexicale des figures et leur dimension énonciative, en particulier à travers les épithètes subjectives et les adressages différents de la répétition des déictiques.
Elements on the implicit in the poetry of the Pléiade: for a figural and enunciative approach
: Aiming to ennoble the French language, the poetry of the Pleiade in French literary criticism presents an ambitious and provocative impression, the question of the ”implicit” side of which is often overlooked. However, we consider the question of the implicit to be related to that of the philosophy of poetic love and expression. In the 16th century, the members of the Pleiade made great use of stylistic procedures, in particular by developing ”figures of meaning”, ”figures of thought” and figures of contradiction which involved both lexical and semantic work. With these rhetorical and poetic treatises, we therefore propose a modern reassessment of the semantic and ethical contribution of figures in love poetry, in particular through the study of the lexical units constituting figures of speech and the methods of analysis. enunciative, to research on the manifestation of the implicit in the mechanism of the lexical construction of the figures of the enunciative approach, in particular through the subjective epithets and the different addresses of the repetition of deictics.
La question de la transitivité sémantique a surtout été envisagée par les typologues dans le but de dégager des invariants inter-langue. Le « prototype transitif » fédère autour de lui les autres ...constructions verbales en vertu du continuum de transitivité mais cette notion n’aide pas à comprendre en quoi ces autres constructions sont déviantes. Notre approche vise à prouver qu'il est possible de définir la transitivité sémantique non pas comme une propriété du verbe ou d'une construction mais comme la propriété d'une classe de verbes au sémantisme homogène (ici les verbes de contact issus de LVF) classifiés selon des critères de "ressemblance de famille". Les sous-classes transitives sont le résultat d’une analyse statistique multidimensionnelle sur la base de critères sélectionnés que l’on value pour obtenir un score transitif.
The semantic transitivity of French verbs under the test of family resemblance
. The question of semantic transitivity of verbs has mainly been considered by typologists in order to identify cross-language invariants. The “transitive prototype” aggregates other verbal constructions by virtue of the transitivity continuum but this notion does not help to understand how these other constructions are deviant. Our approach aims at proving that it is possible to define semantic transitivity not as a property of a verb or a construction but as a property of a class of verbs with homogeneous semantics (here contact verbs from LVF) classified according to “family resemblance” criteria. The transitive subclasses are the result of a multivariate statistical analysis based on selected criteria valued to obtain a transitive score.
Notre propos, dans le présent article, est de focaliser l’attention sur la classe de la relative adjective dite « restrictive-déterminative » pour interroger cette équivalence sémantique entre la ...valeur restrictive et la valeur déterminative sur la base d’une définition de la détermination en termes d’identification référentielle. Cette investigation a nécessité d’interpeller des énoncés avec relative non seulement dans la phrase libre, mais aussi dans la phrase figée – absente dans la littérature –, en l’occurrence l’énoncé proverbial. La valeur « restrictive-déterminative » – dont l’étude est généralement cantonnée dans un cadre phrastique – est confrontée également, dans notre analyse, à des relatives saisies dans leur fonctionnement discursif ou textuel, en l’occurrence le cas des relatives employées après les démonstratifs mémoriels génériques et spécifiques non encore exploitées dans la définition de ladite valeur. Cette investigation a débouché sur une nouvelle typologie des valeurs sémantiques de la relative adjective.
Adjectival relative and restrictive-determinative value. Sentential and discursive study.
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the class of the adjectival relative called “restrictive-determinative” to question this semantic equivalence between the restrictive value and the determinative value based on a definition of the determination in terms of referential identification. This investigation required questioning utterances with relative not only in the free sentence, but also in the fixed sentence – absent in the literature – in this case the proverbial utterance. The “restrictive-determinative” value – a study that is generally confined to a sentential framework – is also confronted, in our analysis, with relatives grasped in their discursive or textual functioning, in this case the relatives used after the generic and specific memory demonstratives not yet exploited in the definition of the said value. This investigation led to a new typology of the semantic values of the adjectival relative.
The paper systematically investigates operators in post-head positions within the three constructions referring to states of affairs in Hungarian, that is, within verbal, deverbal nominal and ...infinitival phrases. Hungarian is well-known to be a language in which all types of operator can be, and are usually, spelt out in the pre-head zone. However, it has not been discussed in a systematic and comprehensive way earlier whether operators can appear in post-head positions. The paper points out that this is partially possible via a systematic overview of six basic operator types. It also illustrates that while spelling out operators in the pre-head zone results in unambiguous constructions, placing them in post-head positions yields different types of ambiguity. As for the acceptability of scope taking arguments, finite verbal constructions show a black-and-white picture while infinitival and deverbal nominal constructions can be characterized by gray zones in respect of the readiness of arguments to take scope from post-head position. In these “gray zones”, a somewhat speaker-dependent variation can be observed, presumably with underlying microvariation. To represent and interpret our findings, we use Grohmann’s (2000, 2003) phase-theoretic approach with its pragmasemantics-based three Spell-Out domains per cycle.
Cet article a pour but d’apporter des arguments nouveaux à la thèse défendue dans Bourmayan & Ashino (2021) selon laquelle
sans doute et probablement
ne sont pas synonymes. En effet, il apparaît que
...sans doute
s’insère facilement dans les structures concessives et dans les énoncés ironiques, au contraire de
probablement
. Nous montrons que l’analyse sémantique proposée dans Bourmayan & Ashino (2021) permet d’établir que
sans doute
est un marqueur d’accord dialogique, alors que tel n’est pas le cas de
probablement
. Or cette caractéristique sémantique de
sans doute
est cruciale, car dans les contextes concessifs comme dans les contextes ironiques, le marqueur permet ainsi au locuteur ou à la locutrice d’exhiber son adhésion à un contenu pour mieux s’en distancier : dans le cas de la concession, le locuteur donne son accord à un autre énonciateur tout en refusant la portée argumentative du propos ; dans le cas de l’ironie, l’adhésion du locuteur est feinte.
The semantic behaviour of
sans doute
and
probablement
in concessive and ironic contexts: further evidence showing that
sans doute
and
probablement
are not synonymous.
In this paper, we intend to bring further evidence for the view defended in Bourmayan & Ashino (2021) that
sans doute
and
probablement
are not synonymous. Thus, it turns out that
sans doute
can be easily inserted in concessive structures and ironic utterances, unlike
probablement
. We show that the semantic analysis offered by Bourmayan & Ashino (2021) makes clear that
sans doute
is a marker of dialogic agreement, while this is not true for
probablement
. This semantic feature of
sans doute
is crucial, for in concessive contexts as well as in ironic contexts, the marker allows the speaker to ostensibly agree so as to distance herself or himself from it all the better: in the case of concession, the speaker agrees with the words of another enunciator while dismissing the argumentative strength of the content; in the case of irony, the speaker is pretending that she or he supports what the other says.
Seguindo metodologicamente Partee (2005) e Ilari (2018), o artigo conta uma história dos nominais nus de dentro da Semântica Formal das Línguas Naturais. Esse programa de pesquisa em semântica das ...línguas naturais inicia na década de 70 no contexto do programa gerativo e em conversa estreita com a filosofia da linguagem ordinária (Partee 2005, 2014, Kratzer 2020, 2021). A história dos nominais nus Dogs bark começa com Carlson (1977). De lá para cá houve uma explosão de conhecimento sobre os sistemas nominais através das línguas, impulsionado em grande parte pelos Parâmetros Semânticos: o parâmetro do nome (Chierchia 1998), o parâmetro do número (Chierchia 2010, 2015) e o parâmetro dos numerais (Chierchia 2021). As pesquisas sobre os nominais nus no PB, em especial sobre o Singular Nu como em Cachorro late (Ferreira no prelo), foco deste artigo, e mais ainda sobre as línguas indígenas brasileiras são fundamentais nessa história (Lima 2014; Lima e Rothstein 2020) que desemboca em questões sobre cognição e gramática, na década de 20 no século 21 (Rothstein 2021, Chierchia 2021). O artigo mostra a importância da pesquisa nacional para a semântica contemporânea.
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