Ludic competence is an integral part of the professional competence of would-be psychologists; the psycholinguistic features of imagination are in turn an integral component of the ludic competence. ...We used the method of applied psycholinguistic research in order to define and explain the psycholinguistic features of imagination as a component of the ludic competence. The main stage of the research was a free association test with the stimulus word “imagination”, as the most elaborated technique of semantic analysis. The psycholinguistic features of imagination as a notion that belongs to the inner world and as a component of the ludic competence were reflected in everyday linguistic consciousness as three core (more than 10 %) semantic clusters: (a) associates that reflect psychological processes and states (54.5 %); (b) associates that are connected with creative activity (25.5 %); and (c) associates that describe the outside world (11 %). Imagination was mostly represented by lexemes with abstract semantics. The semantic content of the word “imagination” did not depend on gender identification. Both male and female respondents showed a positive emotional attitude to the stimulus “imagination” and evaluated it as something positive. Our data confirm that the psycholinguistic experiment and the method of free association, in particular, can be extensively applied beyond linguistics and prove to be rather effective.
In this paper an analysis is conducted of the debate about the most suitable way to understand the conditional, which took place in the 4th century B.C. This is done using the extension and intension ...method provided by Rudolf Carnap to study the meaning of expressions. The results seem to show that, according to Sextus Empiricus, although the debate was about four different criteria to understand the conditional, three of those criteria actually appear to be the same and have a very clear common logical form under Carnap's framework.
The article is devoted to the Russian language as a means of expression of Russian culture. The author considers peculiarities of the state policy in the sphere of the Russian language, its ...functional roles, trends in the study of Russian as a foreign language, analyzes government documents and scientific literature. According to the research the Russian language is growing in popularity in the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Spain and other countries due to the interest of the young people in Russian classical literature and the cooperation of the governments of these countries with the Russian Federation in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The Russian language is the most important tool for learning the humanistic values of Russian culture. At the same time, it is a concentrate of the culture, thanks to which it acquires a special unifying principle and systematic character.
Cette étude prolonge un travail de recherche sur la signification des noms des parties du corps humain (N
pc
) (Bertin, 2018). On s'intéresse à la construction illustrée par Colin a le front de venir ...à cette réunion (NPV). Après un inventaire des N
pc
compatibles avec NPV, on procède à une analyse sémantique : d'une part, on cerne le sens de NPV (en se focalisant sur la contribution du N
pc
) et, d'autre part, on tire profit de cette première étape pour l'analyse sémantique des N
pc
eux-mêmes.
Colin a le front de venir à cette réunion.
A body-part term (N
pc
) construction.
This study follows a research on N
pc
semantics (Bertin, 2018). We deal with utterances such as Colin a le front de venir à cette réunion. At first, we identify Npc fitting this construction. Then, we figure out its meaning with a focus on the N
pc
semantic contribution. At last, we give an insight into consequences on body-part terms semantic analysis.
The article presents two ideas for the semantics of a dispute, the model of which is based on the metaphor of “processing”. Abstract models of dispute and argumentation are formal systems that ...reproduce the interaction of agents. The task of logical semantics is to interpret the formalized language in which the dispute is described. The dispute as a process presupposes a finishing, which is associated with assignment of some meaning to the argumentation. The article describes three aspects of this meaning: epistemic, interactional and influentional. The combinations of the assessments desired by the agents make it possible to give a number of characteristics to the result of dispute. The end of the dispute occurs when the agents reach the desired or acceptable estimates. At the same time new arguments does not affect the change in assessments. The concept of a fixed point is used to describe this state of dispute. Three types of fixed points of the dispute are considered: minimal, internal and maximal. Each fixed point can be complete or incomplete. Using fixed points I give definitions of solvability, partial solvability and unsolvability of a dispute. In particular, the dispute may turn out to be solvable only in epistemic aspects that is, it may finish in a change of the attitudes of the agents, but not solvable in the aspects of interaction or influence. Fixed points allow characterizing such a concept as “endless dispute”, as well as establishing the relationship between the results of the dispute, which are expressed by various aspects of its assessments. It is concluded that a fixed point as a logical concept is the basis of the metaphor of a computational procedure or “processing”, which remains the leading one in our understanding of argumentative interactions.
Les années 1980 sont marquées par la médiatisation croissante de la crise environnementale. Cette médiatisation conduit à la diffusion de termes spécialisés dans l’espace public. Dans le quotidien ...français
Le Monde
, l’expression
diversité biologique
se trouve dans une relation synonymique avec le néologisme
biodiversité
. Le Sommet de la Terre à Rio en 1992 conduit à la diffusion élargie des termes. Le néologisme
biodiversité
est néanmoins privilégié et tend à s’imposer dans les discours portant sur l’environnement. Le contexte de crise environnementale dans lequel émergent les deux expressions conduit à envisager la biodiversité par le prisme des actions humaines – de protection ou de destruction. Entre 1979 et 2018, les gloses de
biodiversité
et
diversité biologique
n’indiquent pas de divergences sémantiques entre les deux expressions. Ces gloses témoignent cependant d’une difficulté à attribuer des traits sémantiques clairs aux termes. Les métaphores dont le néologisme
biodiversité
fait l’objet dessinent deux grandes conceptions du vivant, qui se développent parallèlement : la première, fondée sur une appréhension économique de la nature, se retrouve dans les discours mêmes qui s’opposent au productivisme, alors que la seconde, qui envisage le vivant en dehors de l’intérêt pour l’humain de sa sauvegarde, s’accompagne d’une sollicitation de l’affect du lectorat.
Since 1980 the environmental crisis has been increasingly covered by the media. This media coverage has led to the dissemination of specialized terms to a large audience. In the French daily newspaper
Le Monde
,
diversité biologique
and
biodiversité
are first used as synonyms. In 1992 the Rio Earth Summit has led to a large dissemination of those expressions.
Biodiversité
becomes more used than
diversité biologique
. Both expressions are viewed through the lens of human actions – either related to protection or destruction. Between 1979 and 2018, definitions of
diversité biologique
and
biodiversité
do not indicate any semantic differences but underline difficulties to confer precise semantic features. Metaphors of
biodiversité
illustrate two different conceptions of nature: the first one relies on an economic conception of species and ecosystems while the second one values nature in itself.
Structurat în cinci secţiuni, inegale ca pondere, omogene însă sub aspectul informaţiei ştiinţifice, rod fie al unor studii de caz, fie al unor reflecţii, volumul supune atenţiei cititorului lucrări ...ştiinţifice atât din spaţiul românesc, cât mai ales universal, ordonate conform criteriului cronologic, ceea ce nu constituie un avantaj pentru un cititor nefamiliarizat cu opera Sandei Golopenţia (secţiunea Conversaţia si multiplii ei, studiile „L'histoire conversationnelle I, II", din final): „Pragmatică, analiză contrastivă, etnolingvistică, geolingvistică", „Acte de vorbire", „Conversaţia şi multiplii ei", „Ipostaze pragmatice ale limbii române", „Limbă şi identitate. Serie nouă (ALR II, s.n.), vol. 1-7 (Bucureşti, Editura Academiei, 19561972) creează contextul potrivit pentru exprimarea unor consideraţii menite să demonstreze importanţa dialectologiei, văzută de către autoare ca fiind, încă de la începuturile sale „cea mai pragmatică dintre disciplinele lingvistice" (trad. a., p. 74) întrucât în cadrul ei limbajul este abordat ca „o formă de viaţă". Cea mai consistentă secţiune a volumului „Acţiune, interacţiune, identitate" este dedicată actelor de vorbire (Acte de vorbire, p. 149-315) reprezentate prin studii de caz realizate prin investigarea din varii perspective: dialectologie, sociologie, etnolingvistică în comunităţile rurale sau regionale româneşti (satul Breb din Maramureşul istoric) sau Reflecţii asupra actelor de vorbire în franceza regională (p. 183-192), cu scopul evidenţierii variaţiei pragmatice din interiorul unei limbi. Câmpul semantic al actelor de vorbire din limba română moştenite din latină, mai precis termeni referitori la om şi la corpul omenesc (extraşi din lucrarea lui Marius Sala4) îi revelă autoarei posibilitatea regrupării lor în jurul conceptului de act de vorbire delimitat de cadrele teoretice ale lui J. L. Austin (Quand dire c 'estfaire, Paris, Seuil, 1970).
Cette contribution examine l’apport sémantique de la préposition à dans les cas d’alternance des verbes contredire, parer, satisfaire, toucher et viser. Ces verbes peuvent se construire soit avec un ...objet direct soit avec un objet indirect introduit par la préposition à. S’inscrivant dans le cadre théorique de la Grammaire Cognitive définie par Langacker (2008), cette étude montre que la différence de sens observée entre la construction directe et indirecte du verbe peut être attribuée au sémantisme abstrait de la préposition à : l’expression d’un but abstrait pour parer et viser, l’expression d’une localisation abstraite pour contredire et satisfaire et les deux sens pour le verbe polysémique toucher.
The Semantic Import of à in Verbal Alternations.
This article examines the semantic import of the preposition à ‘at/to’ for the alternation cases of the verbs, contredire ‘to contradict’, parer ‘to ward off/guard against’, satisfaire ‘to satisfy’, toucher ‘to touch’ et viser ‘to aim’. These verbs can be constructed with either a direct object or an indirect object introduced by à. Couched in the theoretical framework of Cognitive Grammar, as defined by Langacker (2008), this study shows that the meaning difference oberved between the direct and indirect construction of the verb can be attributed to the abstract meaning of the preposition à : the expression of an abstract goal for parer and viser, the expression of an abstract localization for contredire and satisfaire and both meanings for the polysemic verb toucher
En adoptant le point de vue morphosyntaxique et celui de « content, epistemic modality, speech-act modality » (E. Sweester ,1990), cet article se focalise sur le terme « que » dans les propositions ...complétives en français et en mandarin standard. Au travers d’analyses précises, d’une part, nous comparons que et ses équivalents chinois sur le plan morphosyntaxique ; d’autre part, nous analysons les différentes interprétations sémantiques de que et ses équivalents en chinois, notamment dans le cas de que+subjonctif. L’enjeu de cette recherche est de rendre une étude complète du foisonnement des équivalents de que dans les complétives en mandarin standard.
From the morphosyntactic point of view and that of three semantic modalities “content, epistemic modality, speech-act modality” (E. Sweester, 1990)
This article focuses on the term “que” in the complementary proposals in French and in standard Mandarin by adopting the morphosyntactic point of view and that of “content, epistemic modality, speech-act modality” (E. Sweester, 1990). Through precise analysis, we will compare
que
and its Chinese equivalents on the morphosyntactic level; secondly, we will analyze the different semantic interpretations of
que
and its Chinese equivalents, especially in the case of
que + subjunctive.
The goal of this research is to render a specific yet complete study of the proliferation of equivalents of que in the complements in standard Mandarin.
An overview of the structural and cognitive approaches to English historical semantics
This guide gives students a solid grounding in the basic methodology of how to analyse corpus data to study new ...words entering the language or language change. It uses a number of case studies to provide insights into collocations, phraseology, metaphor and metonymy, syntactic structures, male and female language, and language change. Students will become proficient in the key concepts in semantic change by applying ideas from theoretical semantics to historical data. They will also cover recent work at the intersections between historical semantics and other disciplines.
Focuses primarily on Lexical Semantics - the study of word meaningOffers a solid grounding in the basic methodology for corpus data analysisFeatures extended case studies on colour and kinship termsIncludes exercises and suggestions for further reading in every chapter
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