Current media studies as well as the analysis of social interaction put forward the notion of rumours playing a significant role in human communication and making it a full-fledged object of ...linguistic analysis. The article is devoted to the description and unification of the lexicographical meaning of the word ‘rumour’ which is basic for indirect knowledge transmission. The proposed research perspective is preconditioned by the interest in uncertain knowledge and informal communication practices including such phenomena as rumors, gossip, etc., inherent in professional communication, as well as in the category of evidentiality. The empirical material comprises dictionary interpretations, the inconsistency of which stipulated the application of the ideas of lexical semantics. Componential analysis is chosen as the main method to define meanings. As a result, the polysemy of the word under study has been exposed, with its structure including five lexico-semantic variants with different types of relations. The invariant set of ‘without confirmation’, ‘uncertain origin’, ‘questionable accuracy’ components in the structure of the meanings indicates that there is a direct connection of the word semantics with the linguistic categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality. The analysis shows that when interpreting the values obtained, the concept of evidence as a source of information has an explanatory potential, the crucial factor being its distinct classification in terms of levels. The extensive typology of reportive evidentials enables to define the central meaning of the word ‘rumour’ as information characterized as transmitted knowledge, realized through informal statements, categorized as a proper reportative marked by the third level of evidence. The core ‘questionable accuracy’ seme testifies to the correlation of the reportative evidential value and the epistemic evaluation of the acquired knowledge which manifests itself in the fact that indirect mediated access to information potentiates its qualification as lacking confirmation.
The “life” of an idiom, the frequency of its use in speech is limited by the time frame: those elements that were actively used a hundred years ago are gradually disappearing from the lexicon of a ...modern person. Therefore, it seemed to us relevant and important, both in theoretical and practical aspects, to develop a methodology for identifying only those phraseological units that are used in the live speech of modern native speakers and are necessary for communication in the Russian-speaking environment today. The study was conducted on the material of idioms with somatic components, including the word heart. We emphasize that the object of our analysis were only phraseological units used in oral speech. The work consisted of 2 stages: at the first stage, a general group of phraseological units with a heart component was identified, a component analysis of the dictionary definition of the word heart was carried out, and phrase-forming semes were identified. Each of these semes motivated a certain subgroup of phraseological units with heart component as part of the general group. At the second stage of the study, we conducted a survey of 100 informants belonging to different age groups. Analysis of the results made it possible to single out a group of 25 active speech idioms units that is relevant for a modern native speaker of the language. The proposed methodology is universal, it can be applied to any other group of phraseological units, so it could allow to determine what kind of idiomatic material should be included in the Russian as a foreign language course for active assimilation.
In this paper, I attempt a linguistic analysis of how lexeme values is used in academic sources. Without criticising the extensive use of this notion, I address the gap between what values are ...supposed to mean and what they can mean in a broader scholarly discourse. I start by discussing the lexicographic understanding of values and proceed to analyse scholastic literature where the meaning of values may be stretched. Within this approach, I question if the effective use of values is feasible in the future due to the increasingly controversial nature of the term and try to motivate a discussion of terminological precision in academic sources.
The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the semantics of linguistic units at different levels of the language system, in which there are connotative semes that carry information about ...the culture of the people. It is established that by studying these schemes, we gain access not only to knowledge about the culture of the people, but also to the system of its values. It is stated that in the semantics of stable expressions of the English language - idioms, information about the cultural values of the British people is stored, analyzing which, we form a cultural background and understand more deeply how the British evaluate certain objects, events or phenomena of the real world that make up the linguistic picture of the British world.
O artigo se dedica ao estudo das especificidades da semântica das unidades linguísticas em diferentes níveis do sistema linguístico, em que há semas conotativos que carregam informações sobre a cultura do povo. Fica estabelecido que ao estudar esses esquemas, temos acesso não apenas ao conhecimento sobre a cultura do povo, mas também ao sistema de seus valores. Afirma-se que na semântica das expressões estáveis da língua inglesa - expressões idiomáticas, estão armazenadas informações sobre os valores culturais do povo britânico, analisando quais, formamos uma bagagem cultural e entendemos mais profundamente como os britânicos avaliam determinados objetos, eventos ou fenômenos do mundo real que compõem a imagem linguística do mundo britânico.
El artículo está dedicado al estudio de las especificidades de la semántica de las unidades lingüísticas en diferentes niveles del sistema lingüístico, en el que existen semas connotativos que transmiten información sobre la cultura de las personas. Se establece que al estudiar estos esquemas se accede no solo al conocimiento de la cultura de los pueblos, sino también al sistema de valores de la misma. Se afirma que en la semántica de expresiones estables del idioma inglés - modismos, se almacena información sobre los valores culturales del pueblo británico, analizándolos, formamos un trasfondo cultural y entendemos más profundamente cómo los británicos evalúan ciertos objetos, eventos o fenómenos del mundo real que conforman la imagen lingüística del mundo británico.
The optimal planning of electromagnetic skins (EMSs) installed on the building facades to enhance the received signal strength, and thus the wireless coverage and/or the Quality-of-Service (QoS) in ...large-scale urban areas, is addressed. More specifically, a novel instance of the System-by-Design (SbD) paradigm is proposed toward the implementation of a smart electromagnetic environment (SEME) where low-cost passive static reflective skins are deployed to enhance the level of the power received within selected Regions of Interest (RoIs). Thanks to the ad hoc customization of the SbD functional blocks, which includes the exploitation of a digital twin (DT) for the accurate yet fast assessment of the wireless coverage condition, effective solutions are yielded. Numerical results, dealing with real-world test beds, are shown to assess the capabilities, the potentialities, and the current limitations of the proposed EMSs' planning strategy.
The paper offers a new complex methodology for analyzing the linguocultural concept HUMAN AGE as a multidimensional archetypal and stereotypical mental structure of human consciousness. To recognize ...the systemic essence of the Ukrainian, Russian, and English native speakers’ world mapping and their cultural stereotypes, the concept HUMAN AGE is studied by considering its realization through lexical, phraseological, and paremiological units. The study assumes the analysis of such concept structure components as an etymological/historical layer that reflects the essential notional features of the concept, an additional layer, formed as a result of the concept in growth, and an active layer that is regarded relevant for the modern native speakers and represented by axio-notional, axio-figurative, and axio-evaluative stereotypes that help forward mentalizing the concept in the Ukrainian, Russian, and English native speakers’ consciousness. The archetypal basis of the concept is identified by considering the etymology of the concept names and nominations of age stages and persons by age in the three languages. The stages of stereotyping the axio-notional, axio-figurative, and axio-evaluative images of the human age that reveal the similarities (universal features) and differences (nationally specific features) in the mapping of archetypal and stereotypical images of the human age in the consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, and the English are analyzed. Ultimately, the most complete set of archetypal and symbolic features (universal and nationally specific), sociocultural age stereotypes (neutral, positive, and negative), numerological, coloristic, phytomorphic, and zoomorphic metaphorical nominations of age stages and persons by age in Ukrainian, Russian, and English linguocultures is presented.
The present article describes the analysis of the peculiarities of such a cognitive-communicative phenomenon as American photographic discourse. It contains sociolinguistic and cultural-semiotic ...particular features. The present complex discourse is analyzed in the context of linguistic synchrony during the period of the Great Depression, the economic crisis that influenced not only the American discursive space but also all the spheres of the American society from 1929 till 1942. The authors typify the photographic discourse as a synthesis of linguistic forms comparing it with the utterance (act of speech) by virtue of its peculiar structural components – persuasion, cognition and purposefulness. The authors conclude that the American photographic discourse combines the inner qualities of the visual, author and critical art (the arts) discourses because of its complex essence. Besides, the lexical representatives of the American photographic discourse of the times of the Depression are defined by a certain semantic peculiarity – absence of the words with the abstract meaning. According to the authors, such a consistency may be explained not only due to the presence of the semantic links with the main “Depression” macro-concept and also due to the certain socio-historical events. The majority of the representatives materializing the micro-concepts possess the negative evaluative connotation as evidenced by the commemoration of the “crisis” integral seme peculiar both for the macro Depression concept and all the micro-concepts (“Poverty”, “Manual Labor”, “Racism”, “Migration”, “Death”, “Disease” and “Protest”). However, the important characteristic of the “Manual Labor” micro-concept is a high frequency rate of the words denoting professions in the sphere of farming and mining. Such a tendency proclaims the US individualistic culture that is focused on the personal initiative and the active combating the difficulties. The analysis of the syntactic means objectified within the framework of the American photographic discourse has demonstrated that the titles of the photographs presented in the form of phrases (word clusters) have a sentence-like essence. Such a characteristic presupposes the presence of the predication and modality features specifically attributed to a sentence. As the result, there has been acknowledged the special complex syntactic status of the titles of the American photographs.
This article deals with the electromagnetic (EM) planning of static and passive EM skins (EMSs) in complex urban scenarios to improve the EM coverage of the base-station (BTS) antenna by means of a ...set of multihop (MH) cascaded reflections. Toward this end, an innovative system-by-design (SbD)-based method is developed where wireless links of arbitrary “depth,” which are implemented through multiple anomalous cascaded reflections, are optimized. Representative numerical results, concerned with real-world scenarios, are analyzed to assess the capabilities and the potentialities of such an instance of the so- called smart EM environment (SEME).
This article returns to a semiological approach to the sign « intellectual »in the two essays by RAISSI R. "Le Mythe De L’Intellectuel" and SARTRE J. P. "Plaidoyer Pour Les Intellectuel". Both texts ...attempt to unload the sign « intellectual » and reload it again with the new semes that the context affects. The two authors work on the sign according to the different encyclopedic and extratextual referents. The two texts attempt to designate the metamorphoses of the sign which, when passing from one place of life to another, necessarily takes on other meanings and other meanings. The latter represent a universe where the linguistic sign is metamorphosed into a text sign and where, by generating the same signifier, the sign is freed from its dictionary meaning to acquire a connotative richness strongly favored by the textual context.
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