Vdihavanje peloda vrst iz rodu Ambrosia lahko povzroči preobčutljivostne reakcije. Krma za prostoživeče ptice je eden od dejavnikov, ki pripomorejo k širjenju omenjenih rastlin. Leta 2010 so zato k ...Direktivi o nezaželenih snoveh v živalski krmi (2002/32/ES) dodali aneks, da lahko krma za živali, ki vsebuje nezmleta žita, vsebuje do 50 mg semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v kilogramu krme (UL L 290/54). Podatkov o vsebnosti semen te rastline v krmi je zelo malo, zato smo z mikroskopsko metodo preiskali 40 vzorcev krme za prostoživeče ptice. Semena ambrozije je vsebovalo 20 vzorcev oziroma 50 %. Ugotovljeno število semen v kilogramu posameznega vzorca je bilo od 2 do 146 (10 mg do 774 mg). V skladu s predpisi smo vsebnosti preračunali relativno na vzorec z 12 % vlage in ugotovili, da je dovoljeno mejo presegalo 5 vzorcev (12,5 %).
Contamination of cereal crops and their products could be a result of inappropriate cultivation techniques as well as disregarding usual agro-technical measures like the seed treatment with ...fungicides. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of pre-sowing seed treatment on wheat seed infection and contamination of produced grains from the field trial at the Biotechnical faculty (BF) and contamination of crop samples from Slovene farms with conventional and organic type of production. In our laboratory we performed grain incubation on agar with various disinfectants before sowing the grain on the field. We found that seed treatment with fungicides Maxim 050 FS and Vitavax 200-FF had significantly improved the health status (2% infected grains) compared to untreated processed seed (25% infected grains). The effectiveness of both tested fungicides was significantly better (2% infected grains) compared to the Agrostemin and Fitolife preparations, which are allowed in organic farming (15% infected grains). Compared to the untreated seed, treating the seeds with both fungicides and the Agrostemin preparation reduced visible ear contamination with fusariosis during the time of dough maturity. With incubation of grain from our field experiment with different seed treatments, the positive effect of fungicides on the health status of grain yield was confirmed (27% infected grains), compared to sowing of seed that was not treated with disinfectants (34% infected grains). When compared to the control group a positive effect of wheat seed treatment with disinfectants used in organic farming was determined. Furthermore, seed treatment with fungicides had a greater influence on improving the health status of produced grain, compared to the above mentioned preparations allowed in organic farming (29% infected grains). The effect of seed treatment on the health status of the grain was the greatest when using the Vitavax 200-FF fungicide. The percentage of infected grains in laboratory incubation of produced wheat grain on agar, sampled from eight Slovenian farms, ranged from 1.5 to 19.5%. Contamination of sampled grain from organic production (7% infected grains) was comparable with infection of grain from the conventional farming (8.4% infected grains), where the infection ranged from 1.5% to 19.5%.
Onesnaženja pridelkov in izdelkov žit so lahko posledica slabe pridelovalne prakse, zlasti neupoštevanja običajnih agrotehničnih ukrepov, med katerimi je razkuževanje semena. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv razkuževanja semena na okuženost semena pšenice pred setvijo in pridelka zrnja iz poljskega poskusa Biotehniške fakultete (BF) ter okuženost vzorcev pridelanega zrnja iz konvencionalne in ekološke pridelave. Pri laboratorijski inkubaciji zrnja na agarju pred setvijo poljskega poskusa na BF z različnimi razkužili smo ugotovili, da tretiranje semena s fungicidoma Maxim 050 FS in Vitavax 200-FF (2 % okuženih zrn) pomembno izboljša zdravstveno stanje v primerjavi z nerazkuženim dodelanim semenom (25 % okuženih zrn). Delovanje obeh fungicidnih pripravkov je bilo statistično značilno boljše (2 % okuženih zrn) od pripravkov Agrostemin in Fitolife, ki sta dovoljena v ekološkem kmetijstvu (15 % okuženih zrn). Razkuževanje semena s fungicidoma in pripravkom Agrostemin je v primerjavi z nerazkuženim semenom zmanjšalo vidne okužbe klasov s fuzariozami v času voščene zrelosti. Pri inkubaciji pridelka zrnja iz poljskega poskusa z različnimi razkužili smo potrdili pozitiven vpliv tretiranja semena s fungicidoma na zdravstveno stanje pridelanega zrnja (27 % okuženih zrn) v primerjavi s setvijo nerazkuženega semena (34 % okuženih zrn). V primerjavi s kontrolo je bil ugotovljen pozitiven vpliv razkuževanja semena pšenice s pripravkoma, ki ju lahko uporabljajo tudi ekološki kmetje. Razkuževanje s fungicidoma je imelo večji vpliv na boljše zdravstveno stanje pridelanega zrnja kot pripravka dovoljena v ekološkem kmetijstvu (29 % okuženih zrn). Vpliv razkuževanja na zdravstveno stanje pridelanega zrnja je bil največji pri fungicidu Vitavax 200-FF. Pri laboratorijski inkubaciji pridelka zrnja pšenice na agarju z osmih slovenskih kmetij smo ugotovili, da je bila okuženost vzorcev pridelanega zrnja iz ekološke pridelave (7 % okuženih zrn) na ravni vzorcev iz konvencionalne pridelave (8,4 % okuženih zrn), pri katerih pa je bil razpon okuženosti od 1,5 % do 19,5 %.
The most common form of the Brassica napus L. is oilseed rape. Because of its physical characteristics the seed is very mobile and therefore disposed to spillage. Uncontrolled seed loss represents ...the potential for the appearance of volunteer and feral populations of B. napus inside and outside production areas; B. napus seed remains viable in the soil for several years. The appearance dynamics of these plants is dependent on the soil seed bank potential and complex interactive characteristics of the genotype seeds and soil and agro-climatic factors. The presence of undefined pollinating resources originated from soil seed bank in the nature presents the potential for spontaneous intra- and inter-species pollination of B. napus reflected also in its genetic structure.
V zadnjih letih pol-naravno travinje vedno bolj pridobiva večnamensko vlogo v prostoru. Poleg zagotavljanja voluminozne krme domačim živalim postajajo pomembne tudi številne druge funkcije ...pol-naravnega travinja, med katerimi se vse bolj izpostavlja tudi biotska pestrost ruše. S tega vidika so posebej cenjene ruše velike naravne vrednosti. Skozi zgodovino se je biotska pestrost ohranjala predvsem z ekstenzivno pašno rabo in košnjo rastlin v obdobju dozorevanja semena. Z intenzifikacijo gospodarjenja na travinju v dvajsetem stoletju in uporabo komercialnih semenskih mešanic se je na pol-naravnem travinju biotska pestrost ruše na splošno pričela zmanjševati. V zadnjem obdobju smo se začeli zavedati negativnih posledic upadanja biotske pestrosti in začeli razvijati ukrepe za zaustavitev tega procesa. Med temi ukrepi ima pomembno vlogo setev oz. obnova ruše velike naravne vrednosti. Vir semen za zasnovo take ruše je lahko le biotsko pestro pol-naravno travinje. V svetu so se v zadnjih letih razvile različne metode pridobivanja semena in načini setve, ki omogočajo uspešno vzpostavitev izvorne biotsko pestre ruše prilagojene lokalnim rastnim razmeram.
A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, to determine the effect of N rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Two ...canola cultivars (‘Hayola-308’ and ‘RGS- 003’) and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha
), organized into a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three blocks, were applied to plot areas. Results showed that N rate effect was significant (P < 0.01) for seed yield, protein content and yield, and oil yield but not for oil content. On the other hand, cultivar had only significant (P < 0.01) effect on seed protein and oil content. Moreover, the interaction between N rate and cultivar was significant at P < 0.01 for seed, protein and oil yield, illustrating that cultivars showed different responses to N rates for these traits. In general, the quadratic equation provided a good description of the relationship between seed, protein and oil yield and nitrogen rate. For ‘Hayola-308’, seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1, but thereafter remained constant. In contrast, for ‘RGS-003’, seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 200 kg ha
. Therefore, at the highest N application rate (200 kg ha
), ‘RGS-003’ produced greater seed, protein and oil yield than ‘Hayola-308’. Averaged across N application rate, the seed protein content of RGS-003 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of ‘Hayola-308’, while the opposite result was observed for seed oil content. This study demonstrated the differential response of two canola cultivars to N rate in terms of seed, protein and oil yield.
Za določanje vpliva različnega gnojenja z dušikom na pridelek semen in vsebnost beljakovin in olja v dveh sortah oljne ogrščice (Brassica napus L.) je bil izveden poljski poskus na Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran. Dve sorti oljne ogrščice (‘Hayola-308’ in ‘RGS-003’) sta bili posejani v petih obravnavanjih z dušikom (0, 50, 100, 150, in 200 kg ha
) v naključnem bločnem poskusu s faktorsko obravnavo v treh blokih. Rezultati so pokazali, da je gnojenje z N statistično značilno (P < 0.01) vplivalo na pridelek semen, vsebnost beljakovin in pridelek olja, ne pa na vsebnost olja. Po drugi strani sta imeli sorti statistično značilen vpliv (P < 0.01) samo na vsebnost beljakovin in olja v semenu. Še več, interakcija med obravnavanji z N in sortami je bila statistično značilna (P < 0.01) za pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja, kar kaže na različen odziv sort v teh znakih na gnojenje z dušikom. V splošnem je kvadratna enačba dobro opisala razmerja med pridelkom semen, beljakovin in olja z gnojenjem z dušikom. Pri sorti ‘Hayola-308’ je pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja statistično značilno naraščal pri uporabi od 0 do 150 kg N ha
, potem je ostal konstanten. Nasprotno, se je pri sorti ‘RGS- 003’ pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja značilno povečeval od 0 do 200 kg N ha
. Sorta ‘RGS-003’ je pri obravnavanju z največjo količino dušika (200 kg N ha
) dala večji pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja kot sorta ‘Hayola-308’. Povprečno je bila pri vseh obravnavanjih z dušikom vsebnost beljakovin značilno večja pri sorti ’RGS-003’(P < 0.01) kot pri sorti ‘Hayola-308’, obratni so rezultati za vsebnost olja. Raziskava je pokazala različen odziv pridelka semen, beljakovin in olja dveh sort oljne ogrščice na gnojenje z dušikom.
Seed quality is crucial for achieving the desired number of plants in the mixture, as well as the ratio of grass-legume components. Seeds of red clover and Italian ryegrass can be placed on the ...market with germination of 70 % and more. In this experiment, the seeds of six varieties of red clover and four varieties of Italian lily were examined. Seeds up to four years of age were tested. Seed quality was examined by monitoring the following parameters: germination energy, amount of hard-dormant seed, total germination and amount of abnormal seedlings. The tested varieties of red clover and Italian ryegrass seeds showed the best quality after one and two years of storage. After four years of storing seeds, out of six tested varieties of red clover, two did not meet the criteria for marketing in Serbia, according to the current rulebook on seed quality. In the case of Italian ryegrass, out of four tested varieties, two did not meet the criteria for placing seeds on the market.
Najbolj razširjena oblika vrste Brassica napus L. je oljna ogrščica, njeno seme pa je zaradi svojih fizikalnih lastnosti zelo mobilno in zato nagnjeno k raztrosu. Nenadzorovane izgube semena ...predstavljajo potencial za pojavljanje samosevnih in podivjanih populacij te vrste znotraj in zunaj pridelovalnih površin, saj se njeno seme ohranja in ostaja viabilno v tleh tudi več let. Dinamika pojavnosti teh rastlin je odvisna od potenciala talne semenske banke in kompleksih interaktivnih lastnosti genotipa semena ter pedoloških in agro-klimatskih dejavnikov. Prisotnost nedefiniranih opraševalnih virov, ki izvirajo iz talne semenske banke, pa v naravi predstavlja potencial za spontane intra- in inter-speciesne oprašitve vrste B. napus, kar vpliva na spremembe v njeni genetski strukturi.
Inhalation of pollen belonging to the species of Ambrosia may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Feed for wild birds is one of the factors that contribute to the spread of these plants. For this ...reason an amendment to the Directive on undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC) was added, in 2010 stating that animal feed made of unground cereals can contain up to 50 mg of Ambrosia spp. seeds per kilogram (UL L 290/54). Due to the lack of data, 40 samples of feed for wild birds were examined with a microscopic method. Ambrosia spp. seeds were found in 20 samples (50%). The number of seeds was from 2 to 146 (10 mg to 774 mg). In accordance with the legislation, results were expressed relative to a feed with the moisture content of 12%. Five samples (12.5%) exceeded the permitted value.
Seme za setev mora imeti čim večjo sposobnost kalitve. V laboratorijskem poskusu z navadno konopljo (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) je bila po metodiki ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) ...preučena hitrost kalitve t. i. energija kalivosti in kalivost eno, dve in tri leta starega semena konoplje shranjenega pri sobni temperaturi (20 do 25 ºC) in v hladilniku (4 do 7 ºC). Ugotovljene so bile razlike v energiji kalivosti in v končni kalivosti med sortami: 'Novosadska konoplja', 'Unico-B', 'Juso-11', 'Bialobrzeskie' in 'Beniko' ter načinoma shranjevanja semena. V primerjavi s 96,1-odstotno kalivostjo deklariranega semena petih sort konoplje je bila po treh letih povprečna kalivost semena shranjenega v hladilniku 65,0 %, kalivost semena shranjenega pri sobni temperaturi pa 46,4 %. Da se v razmerah težje dosegljivosti deklariranega semena konoplje ohrani kalivost daljši čas, morajo pridelovalci shraniti seme za setev v hladilniku. Sočasno so rezultati raziskave pokazali, da sta za ugotovitev hitrosti kalivosti in za končno kalivost semena konoplje ustreznejša šesti in dvanajsti dan testa kalivosti namesto uradno predpisanega tretjega in sedmega dne, ko hitrost kalivosti in kalivost še ni bilo možno ugotoviti. Pred postopkom za spremembo uradne metodike je treba preveriti kalivost z uporabo svežega semena teh in drugih sort konoplje v akreditiranem semenskem laboratoriju.
In the period 2003-2006 we have performed block trials with two flax (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars: RBK cultivar (domestic flax population from Raztresen farm in Bela Krajina) and Laura cultivar ...(fibre-type-flax from the Common Catalogue of EU). The trial was carried out at the Experimental Field at the Biotechnical Faculty of Ljubljana (Slovenia). The two cultivars were sown in the first decade of April with manual sowing machine to the row spacing of 8.5 cm, 17 cm and 34 cm. Crop care was traditional. The plants were plucked at the end of the yellow maturity (the last decade of July). There was no significant difference between the average yields of stems produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.92 t/ha) and 17 cm (1.99 t/ha), but significantly the lowest yield was reached at the row spacing of 34 cm (1.52 t/ha). In the period of 4 years the average yield of stems that was reached by the RBK cultivar was 1.83 t/ha, and the one reached by the Laura cultivar was unsignificantly lower (1.79 t/ha). Compared to the average yield of the flaxseed from both cultivars produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.34 t/ha) and 34 cm (1.01 t/ha), the average yield of the seeds obtained from the 17 cm row spacing was significantly the highest (1.52 t/ha); for 0.11 t seed/ha the RBK cultivar (1.35 t/ha) was significntly more productive than the Laura cultivar. The influence of growing conditions to the yield of stems and seed was most favourable in the year of the drought (2003), when - with the cultivar RBK and at the row spacing of 17 cm - we produced significantly the highest quantity of stems (2.64 t/ha) and seeds (1.93 t/ha). We discovered that the unbranched stem of the RBK cultivar corresponds to the fibre-type-flax, the hight of plants (50 to 60 cm), absolute mass (6.3 to 6.8 g) and the yield of the seed (above 1 t/ha) show good biological capability for the seed production. Production and processing of flax should not remain just an attractive cultural and historical presentation of this activity at some turist farms in Bela Krajina (JV of Slovenia); it should also present a challenge to young farmers to find the place for this crop in organic production of food and other raw materials with the use of mechanisation and modern technological procedures. The production and processing of flax presents the possibility for increased biotic diversity of the cultural landscape and revitalization of rural areas.
Na poskusnem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani (Slovenija) so bili v obdobju 2003-2006 izvedeni bločni poljski poskusi s kultivarjema lanu (Linum usitatissimum L.) RBK (domača populacija lanu s kmetije Raztresen v Beli Krajini) in Laura (vlaknati tip lanu iz Skupnega kataloga kultivarjev poljščin EU). Lan je bil v vseh letih posejan v prvi dekadi aprila z ročno sejalnico na medvrstni razmik 8,5 cm, 17 cm in 34 cm. Oskrba posevka je bila tradicionalna. Rastline smo populili konec rumene zrelosti (zadnja dekada julija). Med povprečnima pridelkoma stebel pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,92 t/ha) in 17 cm (1,99 t/ha) ni bilo značilnih razlik, značilno najmanjši pridelek stebel pa je lan dosegel pri razmiku 34 cm (1,52 t/ha). Povprečni pridelek stebel v obdobju 4 let je pri kultivarju RBK znašal 1,83 t/ha, pri kultivarju Laura pa je bil neznačilno manjši, to je 1,79 t/ha. V primerjavi s povprečnim pridelkom semena obeh kultivarjev pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,34 t/ha) in 34 cm (1,01 t/ha), je bil povprečni pridelek semena pri razmiku 17 cm značilno največji (1,52 t/ha); kultivar RBK (1,35 t/ha) je bil za 0,11 t semena/ha značilno produktivnejši od kultivarja Laura. Vpliv rastnih razmer na pridelek stebel in semena je bil najbolj ugoden v najbolj sušnem letu (2003), ko smo pri razmiku 17 cm s kultivarjem RBK pridelali značilno največ stebel (2,64 t/ha) in semena (1,93 t/ha). Ugotovili smo, da nerazvejeno steblo kultivarja RBK sicer ustreza vlaknatemu tipu lanu, višina rastlin (50 do 60 cm), absolutna masa (6,3 do 6,8 g) in pridelek semena (nad 1 t/ha) pa kažejo na dobro biološko zmogljivost za pridelavo semen. Pridelava in predelava lanu ne sme ostati le privlačen kulturno-zgodovinski prikaz te dejavnosti na nekaterih turističnih kmetijah v Beli Krajini (JV Slovenija), ampak tudi izziv za mlade, da s pomočjo mehaniziranih in sodobnih tehnoloških postopkov tej poljščini najdéjo mesto v ekološki pridelavi hrane in neprehranskih surovin. Navsezadnje je pridelava in predelava lanu možnost za večjo biotsko pestrost kulturne krajine in ohranjanje poseljenosti podeželja.
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