The primary objective of this article is to establish and describe the discursive variants of the sentence representing its communicative paradigm. Constituted as a result of the adequacy of a ...sentence to communicative context, the discursive variants suppose, in linguistic terms, the variation of the informational structure of the sentence in relation to its semantic-syntactic structure. Described in terms of old/new information, the discursive variants are formed due to the operations involved in the discursive updating of the fundamental structures of the sentences, which are the thematisation and rhematisation of certain component elements of the sentence. The model that presents the sentence as a set of discursive variants combines semantic, syntactic and pragmatic or discursive criteria. Thus, in the process of analyzing these variants, the role of determining factors in the informational organization of the sentence was taken into account, these aspects being correlated with the marks of the informational structure of the sentence.
Teaching Students to Write Sentences Ritchey, Kristen D.; Coker, David L.; Myers, Matthew C. ...
Topics in language disorders,
10/2023, Letnik:
43, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Being able to write a sentence is an essential part of overall writing proficiency, but this can be a challenge for many students. This article provides a systematic review of the extant literature ...on sentence-writing instruction. Sixteen studies designed to improve sentence writing for students who are typically achieving or have disabilities or other writing needs were reviewed. Across studies, explicit instruction, self-regulation strategies, and sentence-writing practice were associated with improvements in writing. Directions for future research and limitations in the existing knowledge base about sentence-writing instruction and interventions are described.
Research in sentence processing has increasingly examined the role of individual differences in language comprehension. In work on native and nonnative sentence processing, examining individual ...differences can contribute crucial insight into theoretical debates about the extent to which nativelike processing is possible in a nonnative language. Despite this increased interest in individual differences, whether commonly used psycholinguistic tasks can reliably measure individual differences between participants has not been systematically examined. As a preliminary examination of this issue in nonnative processing, we report a self-paced reading experiment on garden-path sentences in native and nonnative comprehension. At the group level we replicated previously observed findings in native and nonnative speakers. However, while we found that our self-paced reading experiment was a reliable way of assessing individual differences in overall reading speed and comprehension accuracy, it did not consistently measure individual differences in the size of garden-path effects in our sample (N = 64 native and 64 nonnative participants, and 24 experimental items). These results suggest that before individual differences in sentence processing can be meaningfully assessed, the question of whether commonly used tasks can consistently measure individual differences requires systematic examination.
Individuals with agrammatic Broca's aphasia experience difficulty when processing reversible non‐canonical sentences. Different accounts have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. The Trace ...Deletion account (Grodzinsky, 1995, 2000, 2006) attributes this deficit to an impairment in syntactic representations, whereas others (e.g., Caplan, Waters, Dede, Michaud, & Reddy, 2007; Haarmann, Just, & Carpenter, 1997) propose that the underlying structural representations are unimpaired, but sentence comprehension is affected by processing deficits, such as slow lexical activation, reduction in memory resources, slowed processing and/or intermittent deficiency, among others. We test the claims of two processing accounts, slowed processing and intermittent deficiency, and two versions of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH), in a computational framework for sentence processing (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) implemented in ACT‐R (Anderson, Byrne, Douglass, Lebiere, & Qin, 2004). The assumption of slowed processing is operationalized as slow procedural memory, so that each processing action is performed slower than normal, and intermittent deficiency as extra noise in the procedural memory, so that the parsing steps are more noisy than normal. We operationalize the TDH as an absence of trace information in the parse tree. To test the predictions of the models implementing these theories, we use the data from a German sentence—picture matching study reported in Hanne, Sekerina, Vasishth, Burchert, and De Bleser (2011). The data consist of offline (sentence‐picture matching accuracies and response times) and online (eye fixation proportions) measures. From among the models considered, the model assuming that both slowed processing and intermittent deficiency are present emerges as the best model of sentence processing difficulty in aphasia. The modeling of individual differences suggests that, if we assume that patients have both slowed processing and intermittent deficiency, they have them in differing degrees.
Remote sensing image captioning (RSIC), which aims at generating a well-formed sentence for a remote sensing image, has attracted more attention in recent years. The general framework for RSIC is the ...encoder-decoder architecture containing two submodels of encoder and decoder. Although the significant performance is obtained, the encoder-decoder architecture is a black-box model with a lack of explainability. To overcome this drawback, in this article, we propose a new explainable word-sentence framework for RSIC. The proposed word-sentence framework consists of two parts: word extractor and sentence generator, where the former extracts the valuable words in the given remote sensing image, while the latter organizes these words into a well-formed sentence. The proposed framework decomposes RSIC into a word classification task and a word sorting task, which is more in line with human intuitive understanding. On the basis of the word-sentence framework, some ablation experiments are conducted on the three public RSIC data sets of Sydney-captions, UCM-captions, and RSICD to explore the specific and effective network structures. In order to evaluate the proposed word-sentence framework objectively, we further conduct some comparative experiments on these three data sets and achieve comparable results in comparison with the encoder-decoder-based methods.
Recently, the widespread application of pre-trained language models (PLMs) such as BERT and RoBERTa has significantly enhanced the performance of tasks related to text semantic similarity. However, ...methods solely based on PLMs inadequately account for the differential information between sentence pairs, thus underestimating the importance of this information in sentence matching. In this paper, we propose the enriching Differential information with External Knowledge framework (DEK), an approach that explicitly extracts differential information and enriches semantics using external knowledge. Specifically, we devise a module for extracting differential words from sentence pairs, obtain synonyms of differential words from WordNet, and construct a differential information graph. We employ Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to extract features from this graph and subsequently integrate this information into sentence embeddings. In this work, we demonstrate that incorporating differential information enables PLMs-based methods to better focus on the differing aspects of sentences. Moreover, DEK seamlessly adapts to contrastive learning of sentence embeddings models, including SimCSE and PromptBert, among others. Comparing to baseline, our method has improved spearman correlation between 0.22 and 0.64, yielding competitive results in the experiments.
•Only in-domain sentences are used to train out-of-domain sentence detection.•A long short-term memory network is used to extract features from sentences.•Domain-category analysis is used as an ...auxiliary task.•A two-channel approach is applied to word representations.•An autoencoder is used for one-class classification.
To ensure satisfactory user experience, dialog systems must be able to determine whether an input sentence is in-domain (ID) or out-of-domain (OOD). We assume that only ID sentences are available as training data because collecting enough OOD sentences in an unbiased way is a laborious and time-consuming job. This paper proposes a novel neural sentence embedding method that represents sentences in a low-dimensional continuous vector space that emphasizes aspects that distinguish ID cases from OOD cases. We first used a large set of unlabeled text to pre-train word representations that are used to initialize neural sentence embedding. Then we used domain-category analysis as an auxiliary task to train neural sentence embedding for OOD sentence detection. After the sentence representations were learned, we used them to train an autoencoder aimed at OOD sentence detection. We evaluated our method by experimentally comparing it to the state-of-the-art methods in an eight-domain dialog system; our proposed method achieved the highest accuracy in all tests.
Limited language experience in childhood is common among deaf individuals, which prior research has shown to lead to low levels of language processing. Although basic structures such as word order ...have been found to be resilient to conditions of sparse language input in early life, whether they are robust to conditions of extreme language delay is unknown. The sentence comprehension strategies of post‐childhood, first‐language (L1) learners of American Sign Language (ASL) with at least 9 years of language experience were investigated, in comparison to two control groups of learners with full access to language from birth (deaf native signers and hearing L2 learners who were native English speakers). The results of a sentence‐to‐picture matching experiment show that event knowledge overrides word order for post‐childhood L1 learners, regardless of the animacy of the subject, while both deaf native signers and hearing L2 signers consistently rely on word order to comprehend sentences. Language inaccessibility throughout early childhood impedes the acquisition of even basic word order. Similar to the strategies used by very young children prior to the development of basic sentence structure, post‐childhood L1 learners rely more on context and event knowledge to comprehend sentences. Language experience during childhood is critical to the development of basic sentence structure.
Limited language experience in childhood is common among deaf individuals, which prior research has shown to lead to low levels of language processing. Using a sentence‐picture verification task with plausible and implausible sentences, we found that deaf post‐childhood first language signers rely more on event knowledge instead of word order to comprehend simple transitive sentences in American Sign Language. Language experience during childhood is critical to the robust use of basic linguistic structures.
Abstract
In this essay, I critically analyze Wittgenstein’s dispensation with “ = ” in a correct concept-script. I argue
inter alia
(a) that in the
Tractatus
the alleged pseudo-character of sentences ...containing “ = ” or = -sentences remains largely unexplained and propose how it could be explained; (b) that at least in some cases of replacing = -sentences with equivalent identity-sign free sentences the use of the notion of a translation seems inappropiate; (c) that in the
Tractatus
it remains unclear how identity of the object as that which is expressed by identity of the sign should be understood specifically; (d) that there are = -sentences which have no obvious equivalent in Wittgenstein’s novel notation; (e) that Wittgenstein’s adherence to (non-relational) identity, although he dispenses with “ = ”, is probably motivated by his desire to ensure that the expressive power of an identity-sign free concept-script of first-order is on a par with standard first-order logic containing “ = ”. In the concluding section, I critically discuss some claims in Lampert and Säbel (
The Review of Symbolic Logic, 14
, 1–21, 2021) and defend Wehmeier’s account of pseudo-sentences in the
Tractatus
(2012) against the objections they raise.
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